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The main threat to black pepper crops is the fungus Phytophthora capsici. This particular fungus causes root and crown rot in black pepper crops. In this video, Jose Elanjhimattam, an organic farmer from Kerala, India explains how, by applying the liquid captured from his compost heap, he is able to effectively eliminate the impact of the fungus on his organically grown black pepper crops. He also explains how the worm castings from the compost heap provide a rich source of soil nutrients.

The life sustaining ability of soil is best understood by appreciating the complex cycles of decay and erosion. Its natural formation occurs in a series of layers starting at the surface but gradating down to the deepest bedrock. The surface layer is where active decomposition begins. Exposure to atmospheric elements, surface warmth and moisture helps to break organic matter into loose mulch like material. At the microscopic level, this layer is teeming with a diversity of bacterial, fungal and algal life forms. In combination with larger organisms like beetles and worms they provide the additional recycling activity to enable minerals and nutrients to be retrieved from the decaying organic matter and returned to the soil. Another family of...

With the current separation between urban and rural lifestyles, there are few opportunities for the city gardener to access clean stock manures. This is a pity because stock manure is one of the most effective soil conditioners for the average garden. The main sources of stock manure include cattle, sheep, horses, goats, and pigs. To this list can be added some of the more exotic creatures which are raised for their fleece, feathers, and meat. Off the top of my head, I’m considering alpaca, ostriches, reindeer, and water buffalo. It’s worth bearing in mind that the collected deposits of a free ranging herd are much more likely to suit the requirements of the conscientious organic gardener. Free ranging animals are generally subject...