Most of us have it. None of us want it. And it’s almost impossible to get rid of. Cellulite. There – I’ve said it!

It’s possibly the only word in the English language that has the capacity to send a room full of confident, successful businesswomen into a cowering pack of wimps. Are we genetically predisposed to feeling guilty about it? If we were that would explain our seeming desire to support the largely fraudulent infomercial-based cellulite lotion and potion industry.

If you’ve seen the ads – and most of us have – you’re probably aware of how, with the assistance of a few pills and a tube of extraordinarily expensive cream, you can remove any trace of cellulite from your body within 14 days.

Although I’m too old to buy cellulite creams from infomercials, I’ve got young friends and family that purchase them regularly. They’re often routinely disappointed with the results.

Why most cellulite potions don’t work

Most cellulite products use caffeine (or some other form of diuretic) to remove water from the body. In the short term this tightens the skin. This provides the temporary appearance of removing cellulite. However all that’s really happening is that the skin’s cells are becoming dehydrated. The long-term effects of dehydration on the skin aren’t pleasant. At the very least dehydration leads to enlarged pores and a decrease in overall skin elasticity. In more serious cases it can require intravenous rehydration and an unexpected hospital visit.

Practical steps for cellulite minimization

Unlike the infomercial claims, there’s no such thing as a complete “cure” for cellulite. In fact, even in women who fall within the lower range of healthy body fat proportions, cellulite is often quite visible (and normal!). In saying that, there are a number of simple, effective steps all of us can take to minimize cellulite.

Here they are:

Brush your skin daily – this tightens the skin, improves digestion, aids cell growth, cleanses the lymphatic system, removes dead skin cells and bolsters the immune system.

Improve your nutritional intake – consuming fresh, raw, organic, fruits and vegetables cleanses the body, speeds up the metabolism and assists in dissolving fats within the blood stream.

Exercise regularly – regular exercise helps burn fat and build muscle tone. Without exercising, muscle tissue tends to decrease in proportion to fat tissue, thus increasing cellulite deposits in stubborn areas.

Use good quality skin care products – products that are free of chemicals and pesticides ensure that the chemical load on your body isn’t burdensome.

A little more about skin brushing

As mentioned, skin brushing is a really effective way of minimizing cellulite, so it’s worth getting it right. If you’re new to skin brushing, here are a few pointers to get you started.

• Always brush your skin in the morning – this helps to increase blood flow and really rejuvenates your skin following its long period of rest and relaxation.
• Use a brush with dry, soft, natural bristles.
• Be gentle – too vigorous brushing can result in red, irritated and blotchy skin. Instead, use gentle, but firm strokes.
• Start from your extremities and brush toward your midsection – this assists in moving blood towards the heart and promotes lymphatic drainage.
• Focus on the cellulite-prone areas of your body, for example your bottom and thighs.
• Wash the brush in warm soapy water once a week and leave outside in the shade to dry.li>

Follow these steps and you’ll have taken all practical measures to minimize the appearance of cellulite. But most importantly, remember that you’re special. Be kind to yourself. By all means minimize cellulite by focusing on eating correctly, skin brushing, and exercise, but don’t become hung up about it. We’re only here for a short time and the presence (or absence) of cellulite never defines who (or what) we are. Live well.

One of the poorly understood aspects of nutritional health is the importance of measuring appropriate quantities of food throughout the lifecycle. During teenage and adolescent years, the body requires an additional resource of nutrients and, in many cases, calories to support the average lifestyle which is likely to include a diverse range of sporting, cultural, and social activities. Depending on occupation and other factors, adults usually experience a sharp decline in their physical activity levels commencing around their mid to late thirties. While many perceive this not to be the case, the objective reality has been documented in large scale health surveys. These indicate a series of common factors which include increased dependence on motor vehicle use, less participation in competitive and social sports, increased hours of paid work, and less engagement in community volunteering and personal leisure activities. A general exception applies to individuals continuing in professional sports and those who regularly engage in highly strenuous and aerobic pursuits such as long distance running, cycling, swimming, orienteering, cross country skiing, canoeing, horseback riding, and many competitive master events.

Overestimating our need for calories

The contradiction between estimated and actual levels of physical activity, frequently results in maintenance of calorie intakes which were initially established during the youthful periods of maximum energy expenditure. Over time, any failure to decrease calorie intake to accommodate the decreased levels of physical activity is likely to result in increased weight and, progressively, the significant health risks associated with chronic overeating and adult obesity.

Animal experiments have confirmed that chronic overeating contributes to premature ageing and an overall immune suppression which exposes the body to opportunistic illness and disease. Several studies have concluded that overeating can also result in a type of malnutrition. This basically occurs as a consequence of systemic damage and inefficient digestion. Food that is superfluous to the body’s nutritional requirements overburdens the digestive system and will result in quantities of unprocessed material which has a potential to release toxins within the body. Once toxins are released, they cause cumulative damage to specialist cells within the digestive organs. The damage impairs their main physiological function which is to extract a full complement of essential nutrients from a variety of foods.

Slow down

There are several key strategies which will decrease the risk of overeating and dramatically improve digestion and energy levels. The first of these is to eat passionately but, as caregivers of children have instructed for generations, to eat slowly and enjoy the flavours. In addition to assisting with certain styles of dining etiquette, slow eating is an ideal approach for obtaining maximum nutrition from many varieties of food. In most cases, digestion begins at the chewing stage when enzymes contained in saliva are thoroughly mixed with food. This reduces the amount of processing required at later stages of the digestive tract, and enables some of the conserved energy resources to be directed to effective repair and maintenance of the body.

A wide range of foods providing an assortment of colour, aroma, and flavour will increase the overall pleasure of eating. Stimulating each of the senses is important since this can both initiate and sustain the complex signals which enable the brain to register satisfaction of hunger followed by suppression of appetite.

Smaller portions eaten more frequently

Nutrition specialists recommend that food intake should be distributed evenly throughout the day. For a variety of reasons, many individuals limit themselves to one substantial meal which is usually taken around evening. This practice is considerably removed from the natural foraging behaviours which best satisfy the nutritional requirements of people and related primates such as orang-utan, and chimpanzee. Each of these species is noted for superior intelligence and corresponding development in the size and complexity of their brains outermost layer, the cerebral cortex. A fundamental consequence of this is a need for steadily maintained levels of blood sugars and other basic nutrients which are constantly metabolised at the cellular level to support learning and sensory activity within the brain.

Heavy meals digest slowly, and require larger quantities of enzyme and stomach fluids which can potentially irritate the lining of the upper tract. A dependence on large meals also encourages fluctuations in blood sugar and energy. When experienced as a mental sluggishness, there is often temptation to reactivate with stimulants such as caffeine, cocoa, and processed snacks containing large quantities of sugar and food additive. In this situation, it is better to avoid the fast acting stimulants and to consume high quality snacks more frequently. Examples of high quality snacks are yoghurt, organically certified fruits and raw vegetables, nuts, seeds, and freshly prepared sushi rolls.

Choose wholesome nutrient-rich organic food sources

By strictly emphasising the wholesome qualities of food ingredients, there is less likelihood of developing the marginal and often concealed nutrient deficiencies which are increasingly prevalent within the general population. A marginal nutrient deficiency is often indicated by low or uneven energy, accompanied by unsatiated cravings for sweet items, drinks, and other snacks.

One of the risk factors for nutrient deficiency is a dependence on foods raised in poor quality soils. Intensive farming practices eventually deplete the natural vitality of soils and then attempt to sustain them with a range of chemical based treatments. Despite the emphasis on presentation, and seasonal convenience, anything that grows in depleted soil is not acceptable for those seeking optimum health. The only alternative is to grow your own fruit and vegetables or to demand organically certified produce raised in healthy, nutrient rich soils.

Fresh and local is best

Precious vitamins and nutrients of whole foods can be easily destroyed by poor handling, preparation and cooking. The dependence on refrigeration has extended the storage life of most vegetables and fruits. This can be seen as beneficial and helpful to a point, beyond which the law of diminishing returns must take effect. While the appearance and taste of long chilled produce remains satisfactory, the nutritional value may be compromised to an unacceptable level.

Supermarkets and warehouses purchase their produce in quantity then factor in extended storage periods to rationalise their costs and stabilise availability throughout the season. Whenever possible, it is preferable to obtain fresh seasonal produce and to consume within a week or two at the most. In locations without a retailer offering organic supplies, it may be possible to establish or participate in local food cooperatives, or support a farmers market, where growers sell their produce directly to the consumer.

Avoid highly processed convenience foods

Another potential cause of nutrient deficiency is systemic disruption caused by consuming highly processed foods and those contaminated by chemical sprays, genetic modification, and other biologically questionable technologies. In contemporary western society, there is much emphasis on highly processed and convenience foods along with the tendency to consume excessive amounts of red meat, saturated fats, alcohol and refined sugar. The negative impact upon physical health is increased by the range of chemical additives which include many of the preservatives, colouring agents, and flavour enhancers which are deliberately added to these foods. Over time the body absorbs large volumes of food additive. When combined with detectable concentrations of pesticide, and other environmental pollutants, there is increased potential for disruption to nutrient metabolism and other aspects of physiological function.

Health conscious individuals can eliminate or reduce many of these additives by choosing to consume organically certified and holistic produce rather than the popular range of convenience and industrially manufactured food items.

The previously neglected concept of food intolerance has now been widely promoted by medical research into metabolic disorders with a genetic basis. There is also evidence to suggest these intolerances affect the general wellbeing of more individuals than had originally been estimated. Some basic description of events occurring within the gastrointestinal tract can be useful for understanding the concept of food intolerance.

Breaking down food

The stomach and intestinal walls are designed to break food into the molecular particles which are then used by the body to provide energy, and as a resource for the growth and repair of tissue. Even with the most careful selection of wholesome foods, there are components which are not required and must therefore be excluded from the absorption process.

A secondary role for the stomach and intestinal walls is to provide an impenetrable barrier against those unwanted food components along with potentially dangerous chemicals, micro-organisms, and other pollutants. The potential health implications of this task become apparent when commonly purchased foods are scientifically analysed. Organic awareness groups and health advocates advise consumers to consider the percentage of food intake contaminated by agricultural and industrial contaminants. Detectable contaminants include a wide range of chemical compounds employed during the manufacture, primary production, and distribution of many mainstream foods today.

For some food molecules, an efficient absorption requires biological enzymes and colonies of helpful bacteria. Complex proteins, for example, are broken into amino acids and essential fatty molecules with the assistance of bacteria normally resident in the large intestine. While these and other micro-organisms play an important and beneficial role in the digestion of food, they can become unhealthy if damage within the gastrointestinal tract causes them to be absorbed directly into the bloodstream.

Permeability changes in the stomach and intestinal tract

On occasions, the lining of the stomach and intestinal tract may become permeable and provide less of a barrier against micro-organisms, chemicals, and other undesirable molecules. The reason for an increased permeability can be any combination of illness, genetic predisposition, or a progressive gastrointestinal irritation caused by certain foods, toxins, or parasites. Sometimes the change in permeability is a temporary event, perhaps associated with developmental changes in appetite and nutritional requirements. Frequently, the shift in permeability cannot be linked to any causal factors. Once the permeability is altered, there is an opportunity for normally excluded substances to be absorbed. This increases the likelihood of the body developing a protective response. According to current knowledge, it is the quality and extent of this protective response which underlies the symptoms and severity of most diagnosed examples of food intolerance.

The role of lymphocytes

Lymphocytes are located in significant quantities beneath the surface of the gastrointestinal lining. Their role is to identify and attack invading molecules or pathogens which have entered the bloodstream. As part of their role, lymphocytes possess an ability to memorise structural aspects of each invader and can transmit this memory to other cells, enabling a localised defence to be mounted against invading molecules. Once this defensive system becomes highly activated, there is an increased likelihood that lymphocytes will identify harmless molecules as a potential risk. In some cases these will be food particles which have inadvertently leaked through the gastrointestinal lining. The overall effects of the defensive response will be ongoing inflammation and damage to the gastrointestinal lining. This inflammation is often localised but can also progress to generalised symptoms.

Diagnosis

Food intolerance can be difficult to diagnose for several reasons. Practitioners with experience of the condition have rarely been able to depend on a typical pattern of symptoms. The clinical reality indicates that patients differ in the types of food involved, the severity and duration of symptom, as well as the response to dietary restriction and other forms of treatment. The symptoms of food intolerance are occasionally confused with those related to food allergy. In many instances, a genuine food allergy will be determined by some genetic predisposition. Compared to the gradual and cumulative symptoms of food intolerance, an allergic reaction tends to be immediate, and often dramatic. Food intolerance is usually caused by commonly eaten foods, often ones that are consumed in significant quantities. On this account, it can be difficult to define the early stages of food intolerance. Food intolerance can be a temporary or transient phenomenon, whereas a food allergy is likely to be a long term or permanent condition.

It is possible for one or multiple body systems to exhibit the various symptoms of food intolerance. Those encountered most frequently include diarrhoea, bloating, constipation, nausea, gastric reflux, vomiting, headache, fatigue, hyperactivity and mood swings. Other less common symptoms include skin infections, stomach ulcers, arthritis, joint inflammation, and fluid retention. A range of lifestyle factors may contribute to the development and progression of these symptoms over time. This finding has contributed to the approach of health practitioners who focus upon the nutritional aspects of developmental and behavioural problems in children.

Several studies on groups of autistic children have provided evidence suggesting high rates of protein based food intolerance. Research on children with attention deficit syndrome identified nutritional deficits associated with high dietary intakes of processed foods including breakfast cereals, bread, biscuits, and snack items. These foods contain refined carbohydrates, preservatives, residual hormones, pesticide, and other toxic contaminants. Children on processed foods exhibited higher rates of anti-social and aggressive behaviours compared to those on a whole food diet consisting of complex carbohydrates, fresh organic vegetables, and lean beef and poultry.

The potential connections between food intake, food intolerance, and behaviour need to be researched in more detail. In the meantime, it is interesting to note that the general symptoms of food intolerance bear resemblance to those of many stress related conditions.

Treating food intolerance

The standard treatment for food intolerance is to determine those foods which initiate symptoms and to eliminate or strictly control the amounts consumed. This sounds more straightforward than it is in practice. In unusual cases there may be an extensive sensitivity covering multiple food sources. This will make it difficult to establish an eating plan that not only restricts the problem foods but also provides sufficient diversity along with a balanced complement of nutrients. It is common for sensitivity to develop through the interaction of one or more food sources or to be initially triggered by a separate food contaminant or environmental toxin.

Without specialist knowledge of food science and pharmacology, an accurate identification and treatment of these problems seems unlikely. In straightforward cases the intolerance may be restricted to just one or several food sources, with a clearly perceived connection between consumption of problem foods and the intolerance symptoms. The diagnosis for food intolerance requires that the body be rested to relieve symptoms and then exposed again to the suspect foods. This testing always needs to be carried out under professional supervision.

Foods associated with high rates of food intolerance

There are several food sources which are associated with higher rates of intolerance among susceptible individuals. Most varieties of processed foods are strongly associated with food intolerance, particularly those high in refined carbohydrate, saturated fat, and multiple chemical additives. Other common foods associated with intolerance include milk, wheat, fish, chocolate, coffee, nuts, legumes, oranges, tomatoes, and wine.

It is unrealistic to be prescriptive with any of these items since each individual case will be unique. One case may be intolerant to milk but able to consume yoghurt and cheese with safety. Another may react to all dairy foods without exception. A case of fish intolerance may encompass many seafood varieties or be specific to a single species or classification of fish. While wheat intolerance usually commences with sensitivity to proteins from wheat, barley, rye, and oats, extensive damage to the gastrointestinal lining may result in a secondary intolerance to alternative grains such as rice, corn, and millet. Once the wheat proteins are removed from the diet, the gastrointestinal lining has an opportunity to heal, and the problem with alternative grains is likely to be resolved. In describing these scenarios, it is worth emphasising the importance of seeking professional diagnosis and treatment for any suspected cases of food intolerance.

Why rates of food intolerance appear to be increasing

While causal explanations for food intolerance appear complex and multi-faceted, there is reason to implicate some aspects of contemporary food and pharmaceutical production and processing. Since their rise to prominence in the nineteen fifties, each decade has seen an increased diversity and volume of synthetic chemicals used to assist and maintain the conventional model of primary agriculture and food manufacture.

Advocates of the organic approach to food production have rallied to warn consumers of the health risks associated with residual pesticide and the chemical treatment of their basic food resources. With repeated exposure, molecules of toxic and unwanted compounds introduced with food or water will eventually affect the biological processes underlying integral health and vitality.

The accumulation of pesticide, antibiotics and growth hormones now detected in many foods is understood to disrupt intestinal bacteria and complicate the process of digestion and nutrient absorption. Once intestinal bacteria become altered by these substances, the body is less capable of producing the enzymes necessary to break food into the basic components required for cellular repair and metabolism. Once the intestinal bacteria are disrupted, the protective barrier of the gastrointestinal lining is increasingly challenged by invading molecules which may eventually be absorbed into the bloodstream. This threat of invading molecules, combined with a decreased capacity to utilise nutrients, increases the entire body’s vulnerability along with the likelihood of developing patterns of food sensitivity or intolerance.

Reducing the chemical load

It is certainly beneficial to reduce the chemical load delivered to the body. One of the primary sources of toxic exposure is the chemicals found in most foods. These include preservatives, colouring, artificial flavourings, as well as the residual contamination of agricultural cropping and husbandry applications. Adopting a lifestyle based on organic principles is the safest way to improve the quality, sustainability and safety of these essential resources. Organically grown produce is preferable to food that has been treated with numerous chemical agents.

With regards to food intolerance, it is also beneficial to choose and consume the freshest produce that is seasonally available, according to local conditions.

It is now fashionable for supermarkets to stock the widest range of produce and to ensure its steady availability throughout the year. While this appears to offer choice and convenience for consumers, there are frequent concerns regarding both the flavour and nutritional aspects of this extended season produce. Until recently, most fresh foods were available on a seasonal basis. Tomatoes and capsicums ripened in the warmer months while cabbages, brussel sprouts, and beetroot were raised during the cooler months of the year. Costs of distribution and the associated problems of spoilage removed much of the incentive to sell fresh produce in remote markets. As a consequence of this limited seasonal availability, the body was provided complete rest from many foods for a significant portion of the year. The rationalisation of infrastructure combined with extended preservation technologies has resulted in the elimination of many such seasonal restrictions.

Scientists and health advocates have suggested that continuous consumption without an imposed seasonal break, may eventually irritate and overload the system, leaving it more susceptible to developing an intolerance against these and other foods. This is even more likely to occur with produce systematically treated with chemical technologies to improve its shelf life and visual appearance.

Organic growers work in harmony with natural seasonal influences and choose to sell their produce in local markets. The organic philosophy aims to promote a sustainable agriculture, one which provides wholesome, non-irritant foods from healthy soils.

Extremes of temperature, excessive sun exposure and alcohol consumption may all contribute to the condition telangiectasia, more commonly described as broken capillaries. Whenever these tiny vessels become dilated, they are likely to be visible at the skin surface, particularly around the nose and cheeks. The usual cosmetic treatment is known as sclerotherapy. This involves injecting each capillary with a saline solution, causing the swollen vessels to collapse. Most individuals find the treatment effective, however, there is a possibility that the problem may reoccur within a year or two. The best preventive measure is to avoid extremes of weather, always apply good quality organic moisturiser, and to limit intake of salt, alcohol, and saturated fats. Increasing the dietary supply of essential fatty acids and the key antioxidant minerals (zinc, selenium, and manganese) will also help to promote blood vessel integrity.

Allergies

Itchiness is one of the most frequently reported concerns in relation to the condition of skin. When determining the causal factors it is important to consider the location, duration, and severity of the itching sensation.

One of many possibilities is that of systemic allergic reaction. In basic terms, an allergic reaction is an exaggeration of the normal immune response. Upon encountering unfamiliar or potentially dangerous substances, the immune system will produce antibodies which enable the body to create powerful neutralising chemicals like histamine. In most cases, an allergic reaction is determined by the quantity of histamine present in the bloodstream. One of the physiological effects of histamine is to rapidly dilate blood vessels, initiating the release of excess fluid. In some cases the released fluid will form blisters beneath the skin. Commonly known as weals or hives, these can be extremely itchy, even painful.

Skin allergies can be triggered internally by swallowing or inhaling various substances, including whole and processed foods, additives, chemical residue, environmental pollutants, and medicinal or recreational drugs. Some of the most common external triggers of skin allergies include cosmetics, solvents, cleaning and hygiene products, topical medicines, clothing and other fabrics. Allergic skin reactions may also be triggered by insect bites or contact with certain species of plant, particularly stinging nettle, cacti, and fungi.

Individual susceptibility to acute and chronic allergic responses is now believed to have some genetic component. Children face a greater risk of suffering skin allergies when either or both parents have history of similar conditions. There is also research and anecdotal evidence to support the theory of a critical period during development of the immune system. The theory proposes that infants and young children are exposed to certain allergens during a critical period, resulting in an increased susceptibility throughout adulthood which might otherwise have been avoided.

Treating allergies

At this point in time there is no medical remedy for systemic allergies. Conventional treatments tend to focus on basic prevention and the alleviation and management of symptoms. An initial priority is often to conduct a series of tests which determine the source of irritant or substance which triggers the allergic response. The skin prick test is useful isolating triggers for most systemic allergies. A tiny amount of each potential trigger is delivered subcutaneously. A positive result is usually indicated within minutes by the familiar allergic skin reaction, an itchy swelling over the site. The patch test is best suited to identifying irritants in localised skin reactions such as contact dermatitis. Potential allergens are introduced with adhesive patches positioned on the sensitive skin of the arms and torso. After several hours, the patches are removed and the skin is examined for signs of reaction at each site.

Avoiding allergy triggers

Once identified, it makes sense to strictly avoid allergy triggering substances. This may include excluding particular food groups such as dairy produce, wheat and manufactured wheat products containing gluten, nuts and seeds including peanut, sesame, and various tree nuts. In most cases it is possible to substitute these items with an alternative food source. Individuals with lactose intolerance and associated dairy allergies may find benefit from soy products containing protein, calcium, and other nutrients essential for bone growth and repair. Wheat can usually be replaced with other milled grains including corn, buckwheat, oats, and millet. When the list of food allergens is extensive or complex, a qualified naturopath or dietician can be consulted to ensure dietary solutions which are safe and effective.

In view of current research, infants require additional protection to prevent allergies from developing later in life. The recommendations now include breastfeeding, whenever possible, for at least six months. Due to the vulnerability of their underdeveloped respiratory and immune function, infants face a greater long term health risk when exposed to common sources of environmental pollution and toxicity. This includes tobacco smoke, vehicle exhaust, pesticide, hormones, industrial chemicals, synthetic perfumes, deodorants, and air fresheners. In most developed countries, there is steadily increasing demand for organic produce, and within this sector, a number of dedicated manufacturers supplying baby foods with the additional reassurance of an organic certification.

Artificial conditions

Inappropriate heating, bedding, and clothing are a relatively common source of itching, dry, and irritated skin. With the low cost and popularity of central heating, electric blankets, synthetic covers, gowns, and pyjamas, there is a tendency for some individuals to become overheated during the winter months. Synthetic bedclothes are very efficient in trapping heat and increasing the resting body temperature. As this temperature rises, the body attempts to regulate it through the surface evaporation of sweat. This natural defence process will be interrupted by any synthetic fabrics which trap moisture and fail to breathe. When this occurs there is likely to be increased sweating from regions directly exposed to the air.

Constant or heavy sweating around the head and neck can contribute to a type of facial dermatitis. This condition will be exacerbated by any rubbing or scratching which is common during restless bouts of overheated sleep. The best remedy is to protect the body’s natural temperature by choosing clothing and bedclothes made from natural fibres which breathe. Organic cotton, wool, linen, hemp, silk and mohair are all suitable for this purpose.

Ageing is a complicated process involving the interaction of numerous biological factors with the external environment. Along with inevitability, it is the transient and elusive characteristics of ageing that frequently capture attention. Most of us will know someone who appears ten, even twenty years younger than their chronological age. It also seems true that profoundly stressful or sad life events have a potential to age those afflicted, sometimes dramatically and with physical changes that seem to occur overnight. From the perspective of this humble reality, it is wise to ignore and avoid cosmetic products and procedures which promise to eradicate or reverse the visible effects of skin damage and ageing. The concept of eternal youth is cynical marketing strategy and an altogether unreliable proposition. Under normal circumstances, the appearance of mature skin is determined by the impact of internal health, environmental factors and the level of care provided since youth.

Normal ageing

The normal signs of ageing skin follow a predictable course with some variation depending on individual genetics and skin type. For most individuals, the sebaceous glands become less active around the age of thirty, initially causing some moisture decrease in the superficial epidermal layers. This may result in the appearance of some very fine lines, particularly across the thinner skin of the forehead, neck, and eyes. Over time, these lines become deeper, providing each face with the individual character creases of maturity.

A dermatological analysis of mature skin will reveal signs of structural breakdown within the foundation layers of the dermis. Unlike youthful skin in which individual fibres of collagen are stretched out and neatly arranged, the underlying fibres of mature skin will be bunched up and randomly cross linked. This pattern decreases the elasticity and resilience of skin tissue. In addition to these structural changes, the rate of cell replenishment declines progressively with age. A basic understanding and acceptance of these changes will provide an opportunity to nurture and maintain healthy skin throughout the human lifespan.

Free radicals

Some of the physical changes affecting skin as a consequence of ageing may be explained according to the theory of free radical damage. A free radical is essentially an isolated oxygen atom with an unstable electron configuration. The inherent instability causes these atoms to replace their missing electrons by combining with other molecules. Each oxygen atom that successfully recombines will initiate more unstable ones in a cascading sequence. Whenever this supply of electrons is scavenged from molecules within living cells, there is likely to be the type of structural and functional damage commonly described as oxidation.

In skin cells, free radical damage has potential to corrupt the integrity of external membranes. Over time, this will result in progressive moisture loss, wrinkles, and other visible signs of ageing. 

A sensible lifestyle which includes healthy eating, regular physical activity, and adequate rest will help to limit the impact of free radical damage, and preserve the integrity and appearance of mature skin. Vitamins and minerals with antioxidant properties enable the body to defend against free radicals and other harmful substances like disease causing pathogens, and environmental pollutants.

While there are specific health supplements containing concentrated antioxidant nutrients, the best source of these is considered to be a varied menu of fresh fruit and vegetables, seafood, nuts, legumes, herbs, and organically grown tea. Since the middle of last century, intensive chemical based agriculture has caused previously fertile areas to become increasingly nutrient deficient. Several studies on Australian rural soils have measured extremely low concentrations of antioxidant minerals such as selenium, manganese, and zinc. One of the best safeguards against receiving sub optimal nutrition is to obtain foods that are produced or raised according to organic principles. By protecting their soils and promoting environmental sustainability, organic producers can supply foods that are considerably safer and more nutritious than the conventional alternatives.

Physical activity

Poor nutrient absorption and fluctuating weight are amongst the commonest causes of dull, lifeless skin in mature individuals. Provided there are no pre-existing illnesses or other debilitating conditions, regular physical activity will enable the body to become more efficient in its use of nutrients and to maintain its optimum mass and proportion. Aerobic exercise such as cycling, jogging, dancing, and fast walking will increase the heart rate, causing more oxygenated blood to reach the fine capillaries which support the matrix of skin cells beneath the epidermis. Individuals who eat well and take regular exercise will, in most cases, exhibit firmer skin of superior colour and texture when compared with sedentary individuals of similar age.

Managing stress

The normal ageing process may be accelerated by various types of physical and emotional stress. Throughout life, many individuals learn to cope with the various frustrations, disappointments and tragedies that contrast against the positive experiences. Beyond middle age, the increased risk of personal illness and death is usually accompanied by the realistic fear of losing parents, siblings, friends, and partners. Dealing appropriately with these issues is one important strategy for preventing the development of psychological problems.

Medical statistics reveal that high percentages of the elderly population suffer from debilitating forms of depression, isolation, and their associated symptoms like insomnia, and substance abuse. Aside from personal counselling, one of the most effective treatments is those sponsored events and projects which require participation across broad sectors of the community. A fine example of this would be the planning and preparation of a common plot to raise fruit and vegetables according to organic principles. In addition to the social contact and mental stimulation gained through sharing knowledge and experience, participating individuals will benefit through receiving their share of a wholesome crop that is untainted by the indiscriminate use of horticultural chemicals.

Newborn babies and children have skin that is delicate and particularly susceptible to environmental stresses such as pollution, extremes of heat, cold, and sunburn. Many infants will suffer from one or more of the common skin complaints such as nappy rash, cradle cap, and eczema. Sensible treatment from an early stage will usually limit the severity and impact of these conditions.

Nappy rash

Nappy rash is identified by a constellation of small red spots appearing around the child’s bottom, groin, and legs. In serious cases the skin may become inflamed or broken with evidence of suppuration. The usual cause is wet or dirty nappies breaking down into ammonia compounds, subsequently causing bacterial skin irritation. The initial treatment for mild nappy rash is more frequent changing plus brief intervals (5-10 minutes) of exposure to air and sunlight. It helps to avoid acrylic clothing and plastic overpants. Natural organic cotton nappies are preferable to disposables in terms of infant hygiene and environmental sustainability.

There are plenty of baby change creams formulated to prevent nappy rash and relieve the discomfort of mild cases. These are readily available from pharmacies and health food shops. A few drops of organic lavender oil diluted according to the manufacturer’s instructions and rubbed gently into the skin will also heal and soothe this condition in most infants. Essential oil of Lavender, when appropriately diluted, is generally considered safe for use with infants and children; however it is advisable to consult the family health practitioner in the first instance.

Eczema

Eczema is a skin condition associated with a range of allergic conditions including asthma, hayfever, and chemical sensitivity disorders. Because dry skin is relatively common in the first few months of life, an accurate diagnosis is not feasible for these newborns. Eczema is abnormally dry skin accompanied by inflammation. The clinical description is relevant for those older babies and infants who exhibit regions of inflammation with flaking or peeling of the skin, particularly around the face and inner folds of the elbow and knee.

Medical treatment usually involves the topical application of steroidal creams which control the inflammatory response. Some doctors recommend using a safe moisturising cream. In this case, it is worthwhile choosing unscented organic products, particularly those with non-allergenic formulae.

Sun protection for children

Infants and children need to be carefully protected from the damaging effects of too much sun. Research now indicates the increased risk of developing skin cancers as a consequence of early childhood exposure to ultra violet radiation. The cancer council and community health organisations recommend a combination of sun sensible strategies to reduce the long term consequences of preventable skin damage.

The first recommendation is for parents to regularly check local readings on the scale known as the UV index and to become familiar with peak exposure periods. The UV index is a forecast predicting maximum levels of ultra violet radiation the following day. Influenced by atmospheric density, humidity, and cloud conditions, the index is frequently within the extreme range during warmer months of the year. Under these circumstances, it is advisable to restrict outdoor activities to the early morning and early evenings, when levels of harmful radiation are significantly decreased.

When it is necessary to venture outside, be sure to protect babies and children with appropriate sunscreen, hats, and loose fitting outfits made from sun protective materials. The use of sunscreen for babies under six months should be approached carefully. Most sunscreens are complex compounds, containing a surprising number of chemicals in addition to their active constituents. These can include fragrances, moisturising compounds, preservatives, and colorings.

Given this, it is not surprising to discover many infants and children can experience localised, and in some cases extreme skin irritation following their application. Any sunscreen that is recommended for infant use should have a sun protection factor of 30 or above, and be tested initially on a small area of the skin. Should there be evidence of any skin reaction it is advisable to discontinue and perhaps try another product with similar caution. When a suitable product is discovered, it is important to follow the manufacturer’s instructions to receive the maximum protection. In most cases sunscreen will need to be applied half an hour before going outdoors then reapplied within three hour intervals.

In combination with staying indoors and seeking shade, hats and protective clothing offer the best all round protection against the damaging effects of ultra violet radiation. Babies and toddlers require a hat that protects their face, neck, and ears. Most babies will tolerate these well if introduced early, within the first few months of life. It is now possible to purchase clothing fashioned from sun protective materials. In most cases this will be a synthetic fibre garment with specified weave and reflective properties. The alternative is to choose loose fitting clothing made from tightly woven natural fibres such as cotton, linen, and hemp. Clothing made from unbleached organic fibres is more resilient than standard items and less likely to irritate immature and sensitive skin.

With appropriate medical or therapeutic supervision, dedicated participants of a good detoxification program can achieve improved physical health and vitality. Over time, detoxification can improve the symptoms associated with poor digestion, suppressed immunity, and early ageing. Because sustained changes in diet or lifestyle have the potential to interfere with underlying health conditions, it is imperative to consult a medical practitioner or reputable naturopath before embarking on a detoxification program. Pregnant or breastfeeding women, diabetics, underweight, and those suffering from chronic illnesses should avoid detoxification programs.

Exposure to a wide range of environmental pollutants is an increasing risk and concern for individuals living in contemporary industrialised society. The main sources of environmental pollution are hydrocarbon emissions, drinking water, and food contaminated by synthetic pesticides, preservative, and other chemical substances.

Sources of pollutants

The current global dependence on hydrocarbon fuels for motor transport, industrial manufacturing, and power generation is responsible for most of the measured outdoor air pollution. During combustion, hydrocarbon fuels release an array of gaseous and residual solid molecules that include carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, sulfur, benzene, and formaldehyde. Many of these molecules become absorbed into the body through respiration and direct contact. The toxic effect will depend upon their concentration and the body’s ability to break the dangerous substances into less harmful derivatives.

With the availability of recognised health standards and a growing increase in consumer awareness, the safety of drinking water is no longer taken for granted. Additives such as chlorine, fluoride, and iodine, can combine with chemicals already present to create harmful compounds. These other chemicals include lead from the solder used on plumbing and the nitrates, phosphates, and other salts which have leached into water supplies from agricultural applications.

The manufacture and application of synthetic chemicals for agricultural use is well entrenched, generating its own global scale economy alongside related energy and pharmaceutical sectors. Adherents of conventional agriculture argue for the necessity of chemical insecticides, herbicides, hormones, and more recently, genetic modification. While such products can result in increased production yields, the short term economic advantage may well be offset by the negative health consequences incurred. Residual contaminants found in food can interfere with basic cell metabolism, causing damage to the nervous system and major organs. With continued exposure, the processing and removal of these substances will slow down, often resulting in a toxic accumulation within the cells and fatty tissue of the body. While some of these effects have been confirmed by decades of research, there are many new developments and concerns which need to be investigated.        

Reducing exposure to pollutants

While it is presently unrealistic to eliminate certain sources of pollution, there is a real incentive to minimise the negative health impact by reducing their concentrations and our exposure to them. With some planned lifestyle adjustment, it is possible to control many of the exposure risks while simultaneously strengthening the body’s natural immunity and resistance. A key strategy in this approach is to assist the body’s natural ability to detoxify itself through the removal of harmful substances.

Detoxification is essentially a normal biological process where harmful waste products, pollutants, and damaged cells are progressively eliminated from the body. Based upon their understanding of the physiology involved, various health advocates have developed lifestyle and dietary programs that can enhance the body’s natural ability to cleanse and renew itself. While these programs vary in their approach, recommendations, and general effectiveness, the underlying principle is to provide an opportunity to clear and release some of the toxins suspended within the blood and tissue of major organs.

Wholesome organic food

Careful monitoring of the quality and appropriateness of food intake, combined with selective therapeutic interventions, can initiate the renewal of an inefficient or malfunctioning digestive system. Raw organic vegetables and fruit are known to contain natural enzymes that promote efficient digestion and nutrient absorption. Because these foods require less digestive effort, the system is given some rest and an opportunity to rebalance itself. Fresh salads, juices, and smoothies taste delicious and will often result in an energy boost as the body revitalises itself. Some detoxification programs suggest that raw foods should be eaten exclusively for a couple of days before reverting to a balanced diet where quantities of raw food are consumed each day in addition to foods rich in carbohydrate, protein and the beneficial fats and oils. It is important to remember that food intake needs to be both nutritionally balanced and of sufficient quantity to meet the energy requirements according to individual lifestyle. Dieticians and nutritionists are qualified to assess these factors and should be consulted as required.

When supervising a detoxification program, naturopaths often recommend the exclusive use of organic fruits, vegetables, and grains. Since the overall aim of such programs are to remove dangerous toxins from the body it makes sound practical sense to avoid foods that might have been sprayed with a cocktail of agricultural pesticide. There is also sufficient research to indicate that organic whole foods, particularly fruit and vegetables, contain a superior nutrient profile compared to non-organic equivalents.

Growing organic vegetables at home is an excellent way to start focusing on the taste and quality of food that is refreshingly pure and natural. The alternative is to find local suppliers who stock or deliver fresh organic produce. Farmers markets, organic societies, alternative cafes, and growers’ co-operatives are good reference points for tracking down supplies of fresh organic food.

The best supplies of animal protein can be obtained from farms with an organic certification. It is now possible to choose lean beef, lamb, poultry, eggs, pork, and dairy produce, sourced from livestock raised naturally, without exposure to agricultural sprays or synthetic growth hormones. Seafood is an excellent source of protein, beneficial oils, and minerals. Unfortunately there are some fish species and shellfish that exhibit elevated concentrations of pesticide and toxic metals when their organs are evaluated by biological scientists. In serious cases, health warnings will be distributed by agriculture and fisheries departments along with other government agencies. Increasingly, there is consumer demand for organic seafood, raised without chemical additives in remote, pristine environments. This is a primary industry sector that is predicted to develop rapidly with improved technologies and husbandry.   

After entering the body, environmental toxins must be processed by liver enzymes in order to be broken down then excreted. Understandably, multiple or prolonged exposure to these toxins will compromise liver function. One of the negative effects of compromised liver function is a decreased ability to protect itself through regulation of the biochemical environment. This will result in increased levels of unstable oxygen molecules. Also known as free radicals, these molecules cause extensive cell damage within the liver and have been implicated in many disease processes as well as the degenerative changes associated with early ageing.

There are some valuable antioxidant foods which can be taken to counteract and minimise free radical damage. Organic fruit and vegetables are the best regular source of antioxidant vitamins and minerals. Because prolonged storage or heating will destroy high percentages of the available antioxidant nutrients, it is usually recommended that the organic fruit and vegetables be consumed fresh and raw.

Premium quality organic green tea is another valuable food that is suitable for detoxification of the liver. Several cups per day will provide beneficial amounts of catechins and polyphenols which are both powerful antioxidants. In addition to protecting the liver and other organs against free radical damage, anti-oxidant foods strengthen the immune system which enables the body to resist infection caused by bacterial and viral micro-organisms.

Reducing the dietary intake of trans saturated fats and oils is an important step for liver cleansing. Often labelled as hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated vegetable oil, these substances are generated by the high temperature processing of many commercially prepared items such as margarine, chips, dips, and sauces. Trans saturated fats contain distorted chemical structures which have damaging effects on cell membranes within the liver and elsewhere.

Water and soluble fibre

Because the liver breaks fat soluble toxins into water soluble ones that can be released from the body as waste, it is vitally important to drink a minimum of eight glasses of water each day. A good quality water filter will remove the chemical contaminants. Similarly an increase in soluble fibre is recommended to assist the removal of toxins from the lower intestinal tract. Soluble fibre can be found in seaweed, oats, and the pectin contained in fruit such as apples, bananas, grapes, pineapple, and avocado.

Exercise

A supervised exercise regime can enhance the body’s ability to eliminate toxins. By temporarily increasing the rate and volume of blood circulating through major organs, there is an improved cleansing action combined with a renewal of degraded cells. While the main function of perspiration is to facilitate cooling through surface evaporation, it simultaneously enables the release of toxins processed by the lymphatic system.

Compared to traditional medical approaches, alternative healing systems may emphasise drainage of the lymphatic system through various types of exercise, massage, sauna, and herbal medication. These techniques are usually safe but like the exercise and dietary aspects of any proposed detoxification program, they should initially be discussed with a medical practitioner.

Most gymnasiums offer a range of group exercise classes to suit differing levels of fitness and motivation. Similar benefits can be realised through recreational pursuits such as walking, dancing, cycling, swimming, and gardening.  

With the assistance of a qualified naturopath or health therapist, detoxification programs can be modified to address individual health needs. Most naturopathic practice is based upon the philosophy of assessing health within the broader context of each patient’s lifestyle. This will draw upon factors relating to employment, social relationships, personal goals and ambitions. Naturopaths tend to employ a range of diagnostic procedures to assess general wellbeing and to identify potential health concerns. These include guided questionnaires, blood analysis, hair analysis, iridology, and cardiovascular reports. Based upon the diagnostic results, a naturopath may recommend the detoxification program be enhanced by therapeutic interventions such as herbal medicines or other dietary supplements, remedial massage, guided relaxation techniques, and general counselling related to health and wellbeing.

The mental and physical components of stress are an unavoidable and necessary part of life. Over generations, the ability to adapt and cope with stress, has frequently underpinned the notable achievements (and failures) of human civilization. From an individual’s perspective, there are significant benefits to be gained whenever stress is effectively managed. Learning to balance the positive and negative aspects of stress can assist physical and emotional wellbeing, social relationships, motivation, personal and career development.

Stress and our immune system

Health and medical research provides ongoing evidence that the human immune system is compromised by stressful experiences and more specifically, the inability to rationalise and cope with them. Many debilitating and serious illnesses are linked to the physiological and chemical changes that result as a consequence of prolonged exposure to stressful situations. Depression, chronic hypertension, schizophrenia, heart disease, cancer, asthma, and eating disorders, are difficult to treat effectively without first considering the individuals ability to manage their experience and reaction to stress.

In addition to adverse health consequences, an inability to manage stress is likely to affect many aspects of everyday life. Memory, clear judgement, and the ability to make rational decisions are all dependent on a central nervous system that is both responsive to the external environment and able to adapt to changing inputs. Once an individual becomes overwhelmed by a stressful situation, there is a definite tendency to shut down and avoid seeking new approaches to alleviate or solve the predicament. This shutting down may be protective and helpful on some occasions, but will, at other times be destructive to personal security and wellbeing.

Recognising stress

One of the difficulties faced by most individuals today is an inability to perceive or recognise the various symptoms of stress and anxiety. During earlier periods of human development, there were often clear links between stressful events and the internal responses that were initiated. While unlikely to be pursued by dangerous animals or enemy soldiers, most contemporary individuals must confront a complexity of actual and imagined threats. Consider the daily impact of time constraints, fuel shortages, inflation, congested traffic, noise pollution, parking restrictions, industrial disputes, sexism, and racial intolerance.

Internal processing of important and trivial information may also contribute to concerns about social status, employment, financial security, physical appearance, and intelligence. Because these and similar conditions are frequently blended together in everyday experience, it has become difficult to isolate and define them as uniquely responsible for causing stress. Psychologists have used the term free floating to describe the types of anxiety and stress reaction that cannot be clearly linked to any particular event or situation. Once this level of confusion is reached, the path to sanity and wisdom lies with an ability to listen to the body and recognise the physical and psychological symptoms of stress. When these symptoms are identified, the rational mind can be disciplined to control their exaggerated manifestation and influence.

Symptoms of stress

The important physical symptoms of stress are muscle tension, rapid breathing, increased pulse, and poor digestion. Additionally, there are a number of psychological responses which indicate significant levels of unresolved stress. These include exaggerated anger and hostility, mood swings, loss of appetite, disturbed sleep, substance abuse, and decreased ability to synthesise information and make decisions.

When viewed from the evolutionary perspective, most of these symptoms and behaviours can be understood for their adaptive characteristics. At some point, their functional purpose was to protect human ancestors from sudden dangers within their environment. The muscle tension and increased pulse prepared the body for immediate action. Sometimes known as the fight or flight response, this included an internal release of hormone chemicals which restricted major blood vessels and increased the chance of wound survival by thickening the blood. At the moment of confrontation, the ancestral human was probably well served by the aggressive physicality of their survival programming. With respect to human evolution, most commentators emphasise that the underlying biology has remained virtually intact, irrespective of rapid and ongoing changes in culture, environment, and technology.

For contemporary individuals, stress is very often present but poorly recognised. It can be easily created and nurtured within any chosen lifestyle. Consider the impact of emotional upheavals, frustrated ambitions, or financial difficulties. Unlike the life threatening emergency which must be immediately resolved, this type of lifestyle associated stress tends to accumulate over time. To preserve health and sanity, it is important to acknowledge then release this cumulative stress as frequently as possible.

Coping with stress

Engaging in regular physical exercise is an effective way to release cumulative lifestyle related stress. Exercise improves metabolic efficiency and enables excess stress hormones to be broken down shortly after release. This helps prevent long term damage to many parts of the body, including the cardiovascular system, stomach, liver, and brain. When exercised properly, a healthy body controls the release of a group of chemicals known as the endorphins. With similarities to therapeutic painkillers, they contribute to the release of stress by relaxing the muscles and promoting a mild sense of euphoria and wellbeing.

Self control is an integral social skill, one that is taught from an early age. For one reason or another, many individuals grow up with the assumption that strongly felt emotions should be concealed or repressed. Learning how to express honest emotions without embarrassment or discomfort can be a difficult challenge for many individuals. In today’s fast paced world, many simple pleasures have been lost or exchanged for the desire to continuously accumulate wealth and possessions. Without reflection, this type of lifestyle can become a superficial one, leaving little space for essential human emotions like joy, sadness, and wonder.

Laughter

A good sense of humour can make life seem easier and more enjoyable. Laughter works like an internal massage, helping the body release tension that would otherwise be stored in the exterior and deep musculature. In addition to expanding the lungs and expelling stale oxygen, laughter increases the heart rate and releases endorphins. Some natural health advocates believe that ten minutes of laughter each day will have an observable effect on cardiovascular fitness.

Expressing emotions

Most infants and children will instinctively cry to communicate their needs and release stress. Many adults tend to view crying as a sign of immaturity or weakness, and dismiss the positive and normal contribution to stress release. There are remarkably few studies which investigate the potential health benefits of crying. What has been determined is the fact that individuals who report feeling comfortable and relaxed about expressing the full range of their emotions, tend to be happier, more successful, and less prone to stress related illness, when compared to individuals who report discomfort in relation to expressing a range of emotions.

Optimal nutrition

Because stress rapidly depletes the body’s energy reserves, individuals with higher levels of vitality are more resilient to the effects of stress than those who regularly become lethargic or experience distinct peaks and troughs of energy. Natural vitality can be enhanced by focusing on high quality foods and, appropriately prescribed nutritional supplements. Raw fruit and vegetables are widely regarded as the best source of protective nutrients and enzymes. When consumed regularly they assist individual cells to eliminate toxic waste and function more efficiently.

Processed foods should be reduced or eliminated due to their high levels of sugar, salt, chemical additives, and saturated fats. Animal proteins provide an important contribution towards optimum nutrition, however many individuals exceed the recommendation of approximately one hundred grams per day. A diet too high in animal proteins will inevitably place a lot of stress on the digestive capacities. Poorly digested proteins create a toxicity that can result in irritable and even aggressive behaviours.

It is wise to avoid eating meat and poultry contaminated by growth hormones and other synthetic chemical additives. Thanks to consumer awareness and demand for safer food, there is an ever increasing range and availability of organic meats, poultry, and farmed seafood.  

Quality sleep is an important contributor to optimum health and longevity. For a variety of reasons, many individuals encounter significant difficulties in this area. In today’s highly pressured world, insufficient sleep is likely to result in strained relationships, emotional instability, and poor decision making. Fatigue is frequently a contributing factor in vehicle, and workplace accidents.

Over time, poor sleep patterns will compromise the immune system and may eventually result in chronic health problems. Substantial funding is now allocated to the medical and scientific investigation of sleep disorders, and there are reliable sources of professional help for those affected. In addition to general medical practitioners, expertise in the area of sleep is encountered amongst professionals and therapists from a range of health related disciplines. Psychologists, nutrition consultants, hypnotherapists, naturopaths, and acupuncturists can all assist with the analysis and individual treatment of sleep disorders.

The importance of sleep

Deep, unbroken sleep is beneficial to the human nervous system which determines the capacity to effectively reason and act. Sleep enables memory and the various patterns of learning to be consolidated each night. It also provides an opportunity for brain and nerve cells to replenish their store of the enzymes and other compounds which facilitate the synchronised biochemical signals of a complex communications network. The importance of a strong and resilient nervous system cannot be underestimated, particularly when considering its role in relation to other major systems of the body. The digestive, respiratory, endocrine, and circulatory systems must all be functionally regulated by the nervous system.

Most healthy individuals will function optimally given approximately eight hours sleep each night. This amount will vary depending on levels of physical activity, dietary considerations and other life circumstances including temporary illness, medications, and stress. Children younger than ten years of age generally require more sleep than adults. When encouraged, some children will be more comfortable with a brief nap around lunchtime or later in the afternoon. This alternative can be more attractive than an extended sleep at night.

Remedies

There is a broad selection of remedies and approaches for improving the quality and duration of sleep. In the first instance, treatments of any sleep difficulties are best approached from a holistic perspective. This approach always requires an extended consultation which includes the patient’s detailed medical history along with the lifestyle and social factors which may contribute to their situation. The most important and influential areas of treatment can be broadly categorised as functional nutrition, circulation and metabolism, psychological wellbeing, and strategies for relaxation.

Functional nutrition

Functional nutrition involves providing the body with the complex proteins, essential fats, vitamins, and minerals that promote normal brain function, including the regulation of mood and sleep cycles. The protein building block known as L-tryptophan is required by the body to produce serotonin which is a hormone released to calm the entire nervous system in preparation for sleep. A balanced diet with a moderate protein intake should provide the body with sufficient stores of L-tryptophan. Some recommended foods for increasing L-tryptophan stores are fish and seafood, eggs, whole grain oats, and soy or dairy milk. An additional benefit with these foods is their ability to provide readily absorbable calcium, which is one of the key minerals for maintaining the adequate function of cells within the nervous system. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine) is also required for the synthesis of serotonin. Dietary sources of Vitamin B6 include brewer’s yeast, eggs, molasses, and animal protein such as lean beef.

Circulation and metabolism

Promoting good circulation and an efficient metabolism is highly recommended for those with diagnosed or unspecified problems in the area of sleep. A healthy circulation will help to ensure adequate blood supply to the sleep centres of the brain. A combination of regular exercise and sensible eating build the foundation for good circulation.

For healthy individuals, the recommendation is to engage in at least four half hour sessions of moderate intensity exercise each week. Moderate intensity encompasses activities such as tennis, swimming, jogging, fast walking, cycling and horse riding. When attempted correctly, professional gym or fitness classes in aerobics, circuit, boxing, and martial art techniques can be described as moderate to high intensity.

A disrupted metabolism can reduce the quality of sleep. One of the symptoms of disrupted metabolism is a tiredness and lack of energy which tends to persist, even when the amount of sleep seems reasonable or excessive. In populations of the developed west, there is an increasing rate of metabolic illness diagnoses, such as diabetes mellitus and those linked to hypothyroidism. While ongoing research suggests the likelihood of a genetic susceptibility, much of the increased prevalence can probably be attributed to lifestyle changes over the previous few decades.

Many health therapists believe the contemporary western lifestyle has exposed a significant percentage of the population to metabolic disorders and related illness. Excessive consumption of refined and processed foods can cause extreme fluctuations in blood sugar. This in turn, is most likely to affect the quality of sleep.

High levels of sugar, for example, will stimulate the nervous system and create a restless mood. Elevated sugar levels can also create a symptomatic itching of the skin and may contribute to poor digestion and bloating, all of which can upset the normal patterns of restful sleep.

Stimulant drinks such as coffee, black tea, and cocoa, should be strictly avoided during the few hours prior to retiring at night. Relaxing herbal infusions of chamomile, lemon balm, or warm milk with cinnamon are preferable although these should be measured in small quantities and taken slowly. It is not advisable to consume alcohol immediately prior to sleeping although some individuals discover that a glass of wine taken with dinner helps them to relax throughout the evening.

Stress and anxiety

Anxiety has become an increasingly prevalent symptom for individuals living in the commercial and competitive societies of the modern era. Whether experienced as a clinically diagnosed disorder, or as an occasional psychological discomfort, anxiety usually produces a range of physical symptoms that prevent or disrupt the normal patterns of sleep. Muscle tension, elevated heart rate, shallow breathing, increased blood pressure, headaches, and sensory disturbances are frequently reported. In addition to these physical symptoms, there is the significant likelihood of experiencing some psychological barriers against sleep. Once sleep is affected, an increasingly negative pattern of thoughts can emerge. These may include prolonged restlessness, compounding fears or worry, poor concentration, intrusive thoughts, negativity, and emotional instability.

Clinical research indicates the actual cause of anxiety tends to be poorly understood and often wrongly attributed by those affected. It is also understood that many potential causes of anxiety cannot be readily removed or adjusted from the daily experience of modern life. Given these considerations, the most effective remedies tend to be focused on internal coping strategies of the affected individuals rather than efforts which aim to alter external or environmental factors.

There are several techniques and exercises which can assist many individuals to control their physical and mental states, in order to secure the considerable benefits of deep relaxation. Most of these are directly borrowed or derived from the Eastern traditions of Yoga, Meditation, and Tai Chi. Guided relaxation programs are constantly promoted by alternative and mainstream publishers. DVD and audiotape copies are popular with business people and achieve high volume sales through airport retailers, health shops, book outlets, and the internet.

The progressive relaxation technique

One of the earliest programs is based on developing a state of deep relaxation through the deliberate release of muscle tension. Originally known as the progressive relaxation technique, it is both convenient to perform and effective in preparing the body for quality sleep.

The progressive relaxation technique requires only a quiet, comfortable location and approximately fifteen uninterrupted minutes. Lie down, back against the floor with the arms relaxed, palms facing upward. Breathe slowly and deeply into the abdomen for several minutes, watching the belly rise and fall. Tense both feet, hold for ten counts then relax for another ten counts. Now tense the calf muscles for ten counts, relax for ten. Moving up the body, continue with ten counts of tension followed by relaxation in the proceeding order. Knees and thighs, buttocks, abdomen, shoulders, upper arms, lower arms, hands, neck and throat, face and scalp. Return the breath to the abdomen and observe the rise and fall of the belly for several minutes. Beginning with the feet again, repeat the sequence of tension then relaxation for each body section. This time, use the mind to clearly focus on the release of tension at each location. Visualise each muscle as a sponge that releases waste and environmental toxins with each contraction. Once relaxed, the sponge renews itself by absorbing fresh oxygen and nutrients.

Every so often, there is a popular wave of interest in foods containing natural compounds believed to slow down or reverse the effects of ageing. In many cases such information reaching the public is distorted through the individual or combined effects of dubious research, inaccurate reporting, and advertising hype. Because the desire to prolong youthfulness is generally strong, many of us become vulnerable to a whole range of suggestions and recommendations that are both impractical and unlikely to be effective. To protect ourselves, it must be remembered that no food (or nutritional supplement) is particularly valuable on its own.

Effective nutrition is a complex science since it necessarily involves combinations of many different foods and each outcome is considerably influenced by a range of lifestyle factors.

Organic fruit and vegetables

In many respects, an abundance of raw fruit and vegetables taken with every meal is the best approach for those in search of rejuvenation. When an effort is made to obtain the freshest, organically certified produce available, there is little doubt that the potential for maximum longevity will be increased. After several months of raw salads, the body will adapt toward a higher level of efficiency. Physical energy and vitality should increase provided that some balance is maintained with the other essential food groups. Why should raw fruit and vegetables be so good for health, vitality, and physical appearance? To begin with, they require less effort to digest, enabling   additional resources to be allocated to restoring and rejuvenating the body. If a salad contains a sufficiently wide variety of fresh produce, with a range of distinct colours, there will almost certainly be a comprehensive allocation of essential vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, and fibre. In certain cases, the only additions required for balanced nutrition will be modest quantities of lean protein and some of the beneficial fats and oils. With the exception of avocado, most fruit and vegetables are extremely low in fat. Avocadoes contain beneficial oils which actually lower the risk of heart disease and stroke.

High quality nutrient-dense grains and cereals

Complex carbohydrates in the form of whole grains and cereals are required for sustained energy and to provide protein and anti-oxidant minerals including zinc, calcium, magnesium, and selenium. Organically certified crops contain higher yields of uncontaminated protein and essential fatty acids, making them a safer choice for concerned individuals. The grain most frequently consumed in the western diet tends to be wheat, which should be replaced as much as possible with a number of alternatives including organically certified rice, oats, corn, millet, and quinoa. These alternative grains are easier to digest and less likely to contribute to allergies and intolerance. Quinoa, originating from South America, has a particularly high protein content, approximately twice that of rice. Unlike many other grains, quinoa is quick to prepare and feels light in the stomach.

Lean protein

Protein is essential for tissue repair, and is used to produce hormones like insulin, which regulate bodily function. To promote optimum vitality and longevity, it is preferable to choose widely available sources of plant or vegetable protein and aim to reduce the dependence on animal sources.

Consuming high quantities of animal protein is understood to contribute to low vitality and premature ageing. Unless taken in small portions, meat products are particularly difficult to digest and likely to spoil within the intestinal tract, introducing destructive toxins and bacterial compounds to the bloodstream.

Prior to purchasing, there is the separate issue of unsafe or questionable practices routinely applied in most conventional livestock production. These include the widespread use of antibiotics, artificial growth hormones, and residual contaminants from pesticide treatments on pasture and stockfeed. As these problems become increasingly apparent, there is, understandably an accelerated growth in consumer demand for free range and organically certified meat and dairy products. The basic principle of organic livestock production is a simple one. Adequate protection for soil and environment is the safest, most effective means for improving the health and productivity of livestock.

Dairy

Unless excluded for medical reasons, it is acceptable for most fit individuals to consume small quantities of organically certified dairy produce. While whole milk, cream, butter, cheeses, and yoghurt all contain significant percentages of saturated fats; they remain a valuable source of natural calcium, phosphorus and several vitamins. Some individuals are born with or proceed to develop intolerance to lactose proteins in cows’ milk. With an appropriate medical or dietary supervision, it may be possible to substitute an organically certified goat or sheep milk. Mediterranean cultures have traditionally employed goat and sheep milk to make a nutritious range of yoghurts, and fermented cheese products.

Soy products

Vegetable proteins include those found in organically certified soya products, many varieties of nuts and grains, and the legumes such as peas, beans, and lentils. Soya milk is now widely accepted as a healthy dairy substitute. It is high in protein, low in fat, and contains important trace minerals along with dietary fibre. Since most of the cheaper brands are derived from genetically modified and heavily sprayed beans, it is worthwhile investigating the labels, and choosing organically certified whenever possible.

Cold-pressed vegetable oils

Despite a history of negative association, fats or lipids are essential for optimal health and wellbeing. Their role in bodily function includes the maintenance of cellular stability, insulation and protection for vital organs, joints, and nerves, and as storage for reserve energy.

Nutritional therapists make an important distinction between the unhealthy fats which are saturated and the healthy ones which are monounsaturated. Saturated fats include most of the animal fats, particularly those found in meat, dairy products, and processed foods. Coconut and palm oil are saturated fats derived from plants. Both oils are widely used in a range of processed foods including cakes, biscuits, pastries, and toasted cereals. It is a good idea to restrict the intake of all these saturated fats, since they contribute to vascular disease which progressively damages tissue and organs by restricting an effective blood supply. Choosing to prioritise monounsaturated fats will actually lower the risk of vascular disease. These healthy oils are obtained from cold pressed plant material including olives, flaxseed, grapeseed, and avocado. The other important sources of healthy oils are coldwater fish like tuna, cod, sardines, and mackerel.

Control sugar intake and sources

Due to increased promotion of fast foods, convenience foods, flavoured drinks, processed cereals, and other snacks, it is estimated that an average sixteen year old will consume approximately one kilogram of sugar every week. This amount will typically decrease and stabilise with age, however it remains a fact that most adults exceed the recommended limits for their age and lifestyle.

Excess dietary sugar contributes to a number of health problems that are of increasing concern to medical authorities. The most publicised of these is presently adult onset diabetes. This serious metabolic condition arises most frequently in later decades of life, although a trend toward increased prevalence within younger populations seems to be emerging. Adult diabetes is diagnosed when blood sugar periodically exceeds the normal range. In healthy individuals, cells within the pancreas produce the hormone insulin, which regulates blood sugar within safe limits. There is a normal tendency for the pancreas to become less efficient with age and most elderly people will have a decreased sugar tolerance, even in the absence of any clinically diagnosed condition. Most of the complications of diabetes relate to metabolic toxins which build up contributing to cellular damage. When untreated, these toxins will adversely affect functional capacity of major body systems including sensory organs, the heart, and circulatory vessels.

Unlike organic brown sugar or molasses syrup, highly refined white sugars contain no nutrients to offset their calories. Other sources of sweetness such as organic honey, fruit, and nectar contain a blend of vitamins, minerals, and enzymes which can be used by the body.

In order to reduce the intake of sugar, it is essential to become aware of the hidden sources. Most processed foods are saturated with refined sugar. This includes but is not limited to biscuits, cereals, snack bars, sauces and condiments, infant preparations, flavoured chips, drinks, and soups. The other main sources of sugar are alcohol, takeaway foods, supermarket frozen dinners, and rich desserts such as chocolate, pastries, custard, and ice cream. Since sweetness is applied to conceal blandness of flavour, the most effective way to control sugar intake is preparing meals at home, using tasty, wholesome ingredients.

There are thirteen essential vitamins required to maintain optimal body function. It’s certainly possible – and indeed preferable – to obtain your required vitamin intake from organic food sources. The key to doing this is, like most things, balance. Eating a balanced selection of leafy green organic vegetables, fresh fruits, grains, legumes, organic poultry, dairy, meat, seafood and cold-pressed oils will ensure most people’s vitamin needs are fulfilled. By choosing organic food sources to deliver your vitamin requirements, you’ll significantly reduce your exposure to pesticides and the various agricultural chemical contaminants routinely used in large-scale industrial agriculture. Let’s take a closer look at each of the vitamins, their function, and their best organic food sources.

Vitamin A combines with other antioxidant nutrients to repair minor cell damage and boost the immune system. It promotes general healing and is effective against certain inflammatory conditions, particularly those affecting the musculature and skin. Vitamin A is prescribed for some visual problems such as night blindness and glare intolerance. Along with its antioxidant properties, vitamin A contributes to maintenance of healthy skin, hair, teeth, and gums. Due to potential toxicity in large doses, supplements containing vitamin A should always be prescribed by a qualified health practitioner. Regular dietary sources of vitamin A include organically grown carrots, pumpkin, beetroot, sprouts, free range eggs, fresh butter, and milk

The B grouping of vitamins is important for a wide range of bodily functions, particularly those associated with the circulatory, nervous, and endocrine systems. Commonly encountered as a lifestyle related vitamin deficiency, elements of the B group can be depleted through combinations of stress, extended working hours, insufficient sleep, unsuitable food intake, alcohol consumption, smoking, lack of exercise, and prolonged exposure to environmental pollutants.

Noticeable symptoms of a B vitamin deficiency may include various manifestations of depression, anxiety, memory problems, muscular cramps and weakness, dry skin, anaemia, prematurely greying hair, and weight loss. Diagnosis and treatment of B group deficiencies is frequently complex, requiring high level skills. Research on developmental nutrition has emphasised the importance of unprocessed whole foods for providing optimum dietary levels of many B group vitamins.

Vitamin C is renowned for its antioxidant properties and positive influence on the immune system. Frequently prescribed in dosages well above the recommended daily intake during times of illness, stress, and physical development, vitamin C is relatively safe on account of its water solubility. A significant volume of research now demonstrates a wide range of clinical and therapeutic applications. Vitamin C is effective in reducing the severity of colds and many strains of flu infection. Double blind clinical trials have confirmed its ability to promote regeneration of damaged spinal discs, along with protective effects against lung cancer, heart disease, atherosclerosis, and allergic rhinitis.

Vitamin C is necessary for the formation of collagen and can help to reduce facial lines and repair damaged skin. It balances the production of sex hormone and improves the delivery of oxygen and nutrients through tiny blood vessels and capillaries. Vitamin C is required in most chelation therapies which attempt to remove accumulations of toxic metals from the body.

Like other nutrients, vitamin C content of most fresh produce will be reduced if raised in poor soils or subject to prolonged storage. Under typical urban living conditions, stores of vitamin C are subject to depletion when the body resists high levels of environmental pollution, including the pesticides and other treatments applied through agricultural pursuits. Choosing organically certified produce is an effective means for ensuring vitamin content without the risk of toxic chemical additives.

The best dietary sources of vitamin C include fresh sprouts, peppers, kiwifruit, citrus fruits, raw vegetables, rosehip tea, blackcurrants, citrus fruits, and most types of berries. Most of these natural foods are also rich in flavonoids and other nutrients which increase the efficacy of vitamin C.

Vitamin D is one of the few essential nutrients which can be synthesised within the body. This process requires the absorption of radiant sunlight or artificial light through the skin. The major symptom of a serious vitamin D deficiency is a deformity of the bones and joints known as rickets. During the nineteenth century phase of the industrial revolution, many children suffered serious cases of rickets as a consequence of spending long hours indoors and underground in poorly illuminated factories and mines. Vitamin D can also be obtained from a number of foods including organic dairy produce, deep and coldwater fish oils, particularly cod liver.

Vitamin E is an oil soluble nutrient with significant antioxidant properties. There are many documented health benefits associated with adequate intake of this vitamin. In combination with other rejuvenating agents, vitamin E is known to protect the cardiovascular system and increases overall circulation to the skin and other organs. The increased circulation assists with male and female fertility, and improves the efficiency of the endocrine system. Vitamin E is often prescribed with medicinal herbs as a natural treatment for some stress related conditions. It is also included in some topical skin applications and beauty products. By contributing to the integrity of cell membranes, vitamin E may assist in the prevention of certain types of cancer and blood disorders.

Symptoms of deficiency can include premature ageing, muscle degeneration, anaemia, reproductive disorders, sexual dysfunction, mood disorders, and insomnia. Due to potential toxicity in large doses, supplements containing vitamin E should always be prescribed by a qualified health practitioner. Regular dietary sources of vitamin E include organically certified whole grains, cold pressed vegetable oils, fresh vegetables, aromatic herbs, apricots, and avocadoes. 

Vitamin K plays an important role in blood clotting (the K in vitamin K comes from the German koagulation). Some research indicates that vitamin K may play an important role in bone health, particularly during old age. Regular dietary sources of vitamin K include organically certified broccoli, spinach, cereals and cold-pressed vegetable oils.

For most healthy individuals, a periodic exfoliation will help keep the skin supple and smooth. By removing the extreme outer layer of dead, flaking skin, there is likely to be an increased rate of renewal and less opportunity for pores to become clogged or inflamed. Clear pores enable the lubricating oils known as sebum to flow freely to the surface where they provide a moisture resistant coating to protect the skin. There are several materials and procedures commonly used to exfoliate the face and body, so it is helpful to understand the potential benefits and limitations of each category.

Physical exfoliators

Physical exfoliators include a broad range of brushing implements, scouring devices, and particles that can be included in gels and creams. Natural products like coarse sponge, loofah, grain husks, and sand have been used since ancient times. The main advantage with physical exfoliators is their direct action and ready availability. In most cases it is relatively easy to purchase these items and to ensure their purity. The main disadvantage is their unsuitability for individuals with particularly sensitive or problematic skin. In these cases, the repeated sloughing action of coarse particles or bristles can contribute to an unhealthy thickening of skin. The best alternative is to obtain an organic facial cleanser specifically formulated for sensitive skin. Failing this, a simple exfoliating preparation containing raw oats should be safe enough to use on a fortnightly basis.  When combined with pure water and several drops of lavender oil, finely shredded oats are one of the best physical exfoliators for sensitive skin. In addition to the gentle sloughing action, this paste provides moisturising, nourishing, and healing properties.

Fruit acids

Alpha-hydroxy acids, also known as fruit acids are a range of substances found naturally in citrus fruits, apples, milk products, and wine vinegars. Since the nineties, many facial cleansers and skin care products have included fruit acids on account of their exfoliating and rejuvenating effects on normal, healthy skin. In technical terms, they work by dissolving the protein bonds that glue and support dead skin cells on the surface of the body. Once this outer layer is exfoliated, it is washed away to reveal a fresher and brighter complexion. After several applications, fine facial lines may be reduced or eliminated and the treated skin should become noticeably smoother.

The use of fruit acids in a wide range of skin care products is currently in vogue. Despite their broad popularity, some potential disadvantages should be considered prior to use. While fruit acids are certainly present in natural foods, there is no guarantee that large cosmetic manufacturers will obtain them from this source. In many instances the active ingredient will be a synthetic chemical imitation of the natural substance. Aside from a cost and efficiency advantage, the manufacturing of synthetic versions allows the concentration and strength of active ingredients to be tightly controlled according to individual product specifications.

Under certain conditions, concentrated fruit acids may pose a health risk for individuals with sensitive skin types. If the exfoliating action penetrates too deeply, the skin may become more vulnerable to sunlight, chemical pollutants, and other types of environmental damage.

Chemical peeling

The chemical peel is a cosmetic skin procedure which is sometimes classified as a type of radical exfoliation. In actual fact it is only the very mild and superficial peels which share similarities of process and result.

Chemical peels are promoted by some surgeons and beauty therapists who claim they can dramatically improve the appearance of ageing skin. Like any consumer product in this area, such claims need to be carefully evaluated in a dispassionate manner.

Mature skin, like every other manifestation of the ageing process, has its basis at the cellular level. Despite what some might lead us to believe, there is currently no surface treatment which can safely rejuvenate the underlying matrix of cells which contribute to the surface appearance of healthy skin. At the level of surface camouflage, chemical peels are capable of reducing or eliminating fine wrinkles and some of the discoloration and blotchiness that can affect mature skin. These procedures are not effective for thin surfaces around the eyes and throat, nor can they erase dynamic wrinkles such as frown lines across the forehead.

The potential risks associated with chemical peeling are considerable. Medium and deep chemical peels require physical pain relief; in some cases a general anaesthesia will be recommended.

Phenol or carbolic acid is one of the chemicals used for deep peeling. Labelled an experimental carcinogen and teratogen, this highly toxic substance affects the heart, which must be carefully monitored during the procedure. Accurate descriptions of the recovery process do not invite casual consideration of these techniques. Facial swelling can be so extreme that the eyes may not shut for several days. The treated skin is expected to crust over and weep as it begins to heal over several weeks. Post treatment complications can include increased sensitivity, skin discoloration and permanent scarring.

In weighing these factors, it seems that chemical peels should be avoided by rational, health conscious consumers. Better results are readily available through a combination of sensible nutrition, organic skin care products, and regular exercise.

Hair removal

Whether undertaken at home or in a professional salon, the removal of unwanted facial and body hair should be a relatively simple and effective procedure. There is a considerable range of products and techniques to assist the task. The best option will probably depend on the quantity and quality of hair to be removed, in addition to the level of permanence that is required. Shaving is one of the traditional hair removal techniques that continues to be widely practiced by both men and women. It is appropriate for many body areas and has the advantage of being economical, quick, and relatively safe and painless. A sharp safety blade combined with good moisturising creams will enable a closer shave while protecting the skin. The main disadvantage with shaving is that most of the hair will regrow as ticklish stubble within a week or so. Contrary to popular wisdom, shaved hairs do not get replaced by thicker or coarser ones.

Waxing

Waxing has the advantage of being a semi permanent form of hair removal. When performed effectively, individual hairs will be uprooted from below the skin surface. Results last for approximately one month, after which new regrowth occurs. A small percentage of individuals seem to find waxing quite painful, and there are some products which may irritate sensitive skin types. Performing a patch test on a small area is the simplest way to assess this risk. There is also some risk of the occasional ingrown hair which may result in a boil like infections beneath the skin. For most individuals, these will heal quickly although any symptoms of general soreness or swelling around the site must be closely monitored.

Electrolysis

Most beauty salons offer electrolysis as their standard procedure for permanent hair removal. Electrolysis destroys the unwanted hair follicle by delivering small electric currents with a needle like probe. Because each hair must be individually selected then removed, electrolysis tends to be a slow, time consuming process. It is most suitable for small areas of defined hair growth although larger ones can be tackled over numerous sessions. The sensation of an electrolysis current can be mildly painful for some individuals and the overall cost of treatment can become an issue if multiple sessions are required.

There are many products available for skin cleansing and treatment. Sometimes it can be difficult selecting the best one for the job. Natural beauty consultants or knowledgeable staff within the pharmacy and health food sectors will usually provide helpful information and advice, but before shopping around for organic skin care products, it helps to know what you’re after and why you’re after it. Let’s take a look at some of the most common skin care treatments.

Cream cleansers are among the safest and most effective skin care products available. They work with a combined action, suspending both oil and water based particles. Oily secretions are gently lifted then held in an oil based emulsion while water based secretions are safely captured in a watery emulsion.

The unique feel of a good cream cleanser is dependent on the quality and combining properties of the primary ingredients. Some of the well known brands will contain mineral oils and additional synthetic substances. For health and environmental reasons, these should be avoided wherever possible. Look for organic products which contain natural substances such as cold pressed vegetable oils, spring water, herbal extracts, and beeswax.

Liquid facial washes are designed to gently dissolve dirt, sweat, and other deposits which have accumulated on the skin’s surface. The great majority of these are soap based and likely to cause irritation, particularly for sensitive skin and situations of frequent use. By choosing unscented washes, the likelihood of an adverse reaction can be reduced.

Cleansing bars contain mild soap in addition to moisturising and soothing oils. The good ones are usually manufactured in small quantities and can be quite expensive. They are generally suitable for normal, combination, and oily skin types but less so for dry and sensitive skins on account of their soap content.

Moisturising cream forms a protective barrier that prevents moisture escaping from the exterior layers of skin. Natural moisturisers contain ingredients like almond oil, aloe vera, beeswax, honey, jojoba oil, and various essential oils including lavender, rose, and ylang ylang. Nowadays, It is very common for a moisturiser to contain ingredients such as ultra violet filters, vitamins, and flavonoids. The nutrients can improve the condition of dry or damaged skin while ultra violet filters will provide additional sun protection. Be wary of moisturising creams which promise skin rejuvenation or the elimination of wrinkles and other visible signs of ageing. These outcomes inevitably depend on a combination of lifestyle factors that cannot be distilled in a single product.

Mask and body packs consist of a concentrated mixture of ingredients that have been selected for their cleansing and healing properties. Due to their fine consistency and absorptive capacities, some varieties of natural mud and clay are particularly suitable as the base ingredient for deep cleansing masks. Nutrient rich masks are frequently prescribed to treat mild skin complaints including eczema, boils, sensitivity, and dryness. These will usually contain herbal extracts with anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, soothing, and protective actions. The list of suitable herbs includes camomile, echinacea, elderflower, horsetail, jasmine, lavender, marshmallow, and yarrow. Whenever possible, try to choose products that contain organically certified ingredients.

Astringents refresh and invigorate the skin. Most commercial varieties contain high percentages of alcohol by volume. These include toners for women, and aftershaves and colognes for men. Individuals with dry or sensitive skin should avoid these products since the alcohol has a tendency to sting and may dry out or tighten the skin.

Eye cream is a specific category of moisturiser, developed to protect and nourish the fine, sometimes brittle skin surrounding the eyes. Along with the neck, this orbital region will often exhibit advanced signs of ageing, when compared to the rest of the face. Regular moisturisers can cause irritation and puffiness, particularly if they contain chemical additives such as stabiliser or preservative. The formula for eye cream should be hypo-allergenic and based on natural ingredients.

Night creams are another specialty moisturiser. Clinical research has demonstrated that more skin cells get repaired at night than during the day. Along with an increased elimination of waste material, collagen production increases between midnight and early morning. An effective night cream should contain additional nourishment to take advantage of this situation. There are some excellent products which contain organic kelp extracts combined with cocoa butter, and vitamin E.

Facial scrubs are designed to cleanse and exfoliate with a single application. As skin begins to age, the rate of cell renewal declines. A periodic exfoliation removes dead skin cells which accumulate on the surface, making the skin appear coarse and dull. Exfoliation reveals a clearer surface and encourages cell renewal. Traditionally, exfoliation has been accomplished through mechanical rather than chemical means. In Japan, rice husks were preferred while people from Mediterranean countries used ground apricot kernels. Modern chemical exfoliants contain acids which break and remove dead cells with minimal friction. From an organic perspective, the traditional process is a safe choice, although once a week should be sufficient for most skin types. The natural enzyme papain, from paw paw, will exfoliate in a similar manner to the chemical varieties, without the associated health or environmental risks.

It is now widely accepted that indiscriminate exposure to the ultra violet radiation of sunlight contributes to permanent skin damage and visible signs of ageing. Depending on certain genetic characteristics and skin type, a percentage of incident ultraviolet radiation will be directly absorbed in a way that affects the growing cells. Sunburn is the skins immediate response to an overexposure of ultraviolet radiation. Under microscopic investigation, cells from sunburned areas reveal evidence of damage similar to those in cancer cells. Tanning is caused by increased production of melanin. It is the skins delayed response to overexposure of ultraviolet radiation.

One of the surest ways to minimise wrinkles and lines associated with ageing is to avoid frequent or extended exposures to sunlight. Because this type of restriction is impractical in countries like Australia, most individuals need to consider strategies to minimise the absorption of ultraviolet radiation. When used appropriately, broad spectrum sunscreens will provide a high level of protection against the damaging components of sunlight. By preventing initial damage and enabling already damaged skin cells the opportunity to repair themselves, sunscreens and protective clothing will ultimately contribute to healthier and more youthful looking skin.

Avoid toxic substances

The toxic substances absorbed through cigarette smoking and other recreational forms of smoking are known to contribute towards a complicated sequence of adverse health effects. Within this context there is a definite risk of damage to the circulatory system. One of the major physiological effects of nicotine and other chemicals is to cause a restriction of the blood vessels that supply major organs including the skin. In this case the long term effects of a restricted blood supply will be decreased availability of essential nutrients and a progressive failure to eliminate toxins and repair skin damage.

Cigarette smoking is also a major source of free radicals. These inherently unstable molecules will cause damage to cells in a chain reactive fashion. Free radical molecules are linked to many types of cancer and degenerative disease processes. By choosing to avoid or break the habit of smoking, it is always possible to improve the appearance of ones skin and be healthier.

Develop a daily cleaning routine

A daily cleansing routine will help to improve the appearance of your skin. Most modern soaps are chemical based and contain fragrances and other additives which are likely to dry out the skin. The alternative is to try natural ingredients or organic products based on these. The best ingredients for cleansing are those which can gently remove the exterior layers of dead skin without disrupting the moisture protective barrier of healthy skin. A handful of oatmeal in a muslin bag can be used as a soap substitute. When added to water, a fine paste known as mucin is released. In addition to its gentle cleansing action, mucin has a soothing and protective effect on the skin.

Moisturize effectively

After cleansing, it is important to moisturise the skin. Despite the claims of some manufacturers, moisturisers do not really add moisture or rejuvenate the skin. Their basic purpose is preventing the moisture loss caused by heat and atmospheric dryness. With so many moisturising products available, it can be difficult separating the safe and effective ones from the unsafe and less than adequate stocks. A helpful rule to follow is that of simplicity. Whenever possible, favour products containing a restricted number of carefully selected natural ingredients rather than a multitude of synthetic compounds. Remember that the chance of developing sensitivity or an adverse skin reaction is decreased with products containing fewer ingredients, particularly when these are derived from plants and natural sources which are raised or extracted in accordance with organic principles.

Exercise regularly

For most individuals, a regular program of exercise will enhance the overall appearance and quality of their skin, particularly when this is accompanied by sensible dietary intake. The exercise can be structured, such as circuit classes at the local gymnasium, or spontaneous, like walking or jogging steadily along the beach. The important thing is to maintain an increased heart rate for at least three quarters of an hour and to attempt this at least three times each week. In most cases there will be a visible improvement in general skin tone and overall appearance after six to eight weeks.

Regular exercise helps to increase the efficiency of the cardiovascular system, enabling oxygenated blood and nutrients to reach the matrix of skin cells below the epidermis. In addition to nurturing newly developing cells, the improved blood supply will be more efficient at removing toxins and waste products. Before commencing on any exercise program, overweight individuals and those with existing medical conditions or symptoms must consult their General Practitioner to determine its overall suitability.

Choose high quality cosmetics and toiletries

While the key ingredients for great looking skin at any age are optimum health, daily moisturising, and a clean environment, it is possible to conceal skin blemishes and soften wrinkles using a good foundation and makeup.

A professional beautician or makeup consultant can offer advice about the latest light reflecting foundations, concealers, and mineral based powders. There is currently a new generation of organic cosmetics including lipsticks, eyeliners, blushers, and powder. Safer to use than conventional products, they are based on simple formulae containing natural mineral clays, plant oils, and extracts. Lacking chemical dyes that produce intensely saturated colour, the new organic varieties are mostly available in a subtle range of earth shades.

Pamper yourself occasionally

An occasional session of pampering will reinvigorate tired or stressed skin. Attending a natural beauty clinic for a luxurious massage, facial or hair treatment can be a personal reward for important achievements or occasions. For those who prefer relaxing nights at home, facial masks containing natural clays, oils, and organic herbal extracts can be purchased from suppliers of natural beauty products. These help to exfoliate the skin by removing the outer layer of cells. When choosing these products, it is important to consider individual suitability for your skin type. Some contain additional plant oils and moisture protective treatments for dry or combination skin while others are predominantly composed of mineral clays and are more suitable for oily skin. Evaluate the product carefully and always avoid those containing harsh ingredients that may irritate the skin. Where uncertainty exists, it is safer to test a little on the arm before applying on the face.

Protect against the elements

To look its very best, skin requires protection against the external elements, particularly pollution and extremes of heat and cold. Dry and sensitive skin types are extremely vulnerable to colder weather conditions which slow the metabolism and enable less oxygen to reach the cells. Depending on atmospheric humidity, extremely hot, cold, or windy conditions can all cause dehydration. Loose clothing made from natural fibres is the ideal protection. Merino wool, mohair, organic cotton, linen, and hemp are all suitable choices. Several light layers are a better option than a single heavy layer. The light layers hold pockets of air between them, providing comfortable warmth that should not inhibit circulation or irritate the skin.

Be gentle

Gentle treatment is an important factor for individuals trying to maintain the natural beauty of their skin. With limited supplies of collagen and elastin, the delicate skin around the eyes, forehead and throat can be easily stretched and damaged. Care must be taken when cleansing, or applying moisturiser, makeup, and other treatments. Wherever possible, combine a light touch with smooth upward strokes. Try to avoid any dragging, pressing, or rubbing of the skin.

Eat well

Eating to maintain a recommended balance of the five main food groupings is essential for healthy, beautiful looking skin. A varied diet with plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables, protein, carbohydrates, some dairy foods, and cold pressed oils will ensure that the essential vitamins and minerals are readily available. Most reputable manufacturers of health supplements have products specially formulated for skin, hair, and nails. These should not be depended on as a main source of nutrients but will serve as an insurance policy and protection from mild nutrient deficiencies which can occur from time to time. Health experts recommend adults drink at least three litres of fresh water each day to maintain healthy kidneys and clear skin. Very active individuals and those living in hot climates may require twice this amount or more.

Beauticians and cosmetic consultants will frequently classify an individual’s facial skin type according to surface characteristics. Their five classifications are useful in the sense that they provide some practical recommendations for daily care. It should be remembered, however, that surface characteristics of skin will vary considerably according to factors like general health, ageing, stress, diet, and exercise. Below we take a look at each of the five facial skin types and consider some of the steps that can be taken to optimize the appearance of each skin type.

Normal skin

Normal skin is smooth and firm to touch with no evidence of dryness or excessive oiliness. It has its own natural resilience that helps to prevent common problems such as broken capillaries, spots, or redness. Most commonly seen in children, adults who maintain these normal skin characteristics are both rare and fortunate.

The recommendation for maintaining normal skin is one gentle cleansing each day using an organic soap or facial scrub. Apply a light moisturiser each evening, preferably one based on natural plant materials such as avocado, lavender, and hemp extracts. Overexposure to harsh Australian conditions is damaging for all skin types. Maximum protection sunscreen and wide brimmed hats are the best strategy for outdoors.

Oily skin

Oily skin is often caused by hormone signals that increase the normal rate of sebum production and release. Typically, the surface feels greasy to touch while the appearance is shiny, often with visible pores. Acne and other blemishes are commonly associated with oily skin, although this negative aspect is balanced by it being less prone to wrinkles and other signs of advancing age.

The recommendation is to use organic products formulated for oily skin. Moisturise each evening but avoid the temptation to cleanse too frequently. Rather than removing excess oil, this action stimulates the sebaceous glands and may exacerbate the problem.

A healthy diet with lots of raw fruits and vegetables combined with outdoor exercise will help to balance the endocrine system and alleviate minor problems associated with oily skin. As with other skin types, adequate protection against the damaging ultra violet components of sunlight are required.

Dry skin

Dry skin is usually fine textured with a slightly dull appearance. On closer inspection there may be some flaky or granulated sections evident, particularly around the corners of the mouth, eyes, and forehead. Dry skin often feels tight or mildly uncomfortable. Without daily attention and careful nurturing, dry skin has a tendency to wrinkle and become more brittle with age.

The recommendation is to use organic products formulated for dry skin. Dry skin requires a non soap cleanser with additional moisturising action. Lightly moisturise during the day and apply a night cream before going to bed. Most natural beauty consultants will also recommend a hydrating eye gel. In order to improve the function of chronically dry skin, a careful consideration of diet and lifestyle is required. Several medical conditions are strongly associated with dry skin so a thorough medical assessment will help to eliminate these.

Ensure that your diet is rich in essential fatty acids, including the omega 3 and omega 6 oils. Good sources include deepwater fishes like cod, tuna, and mackerel, flax oil, organic avocadoes, olive oil, and raw almonds, brazil nuts, sunflower, and sesame seeds. Zinc and Selenium are essential minerals often taken in supplement form by individuals with dry skin. Alternatively they are present in nutritious foods like shellfish, green leafy vegetables, complex grains, nuts, seeds, and sea vegetables. Always drink plenty of water during the day and try to restrict the intake of sugar, caffeine, and alcohol.

Two of the worst irritants for dry skin are tobacco smoking (passive or active) and modern air conditioning systems that remove moisture in order to protect computer terminals. Dry skin is extremely vulnerable to the elements and needs to be protected with an appropriate sunscreen during outdoor activities.

Sensitive skin

Sensitive skin often has similar qualities to dry skin with the addition of areas that tend to react against both internal and external influences. Sites of reaction may be caused by allergies, pollution, chemical irritants, illness, extremes of temperature, and other unsuitable environmental conditions. The visible signs of reaction include redness, dermatitis, chafing, broken veins, capillaries and mild bruising. The care of sensitive skin is similar to that recommended for dry skin.

It is advisable to arrange a medical consultation to eliminate systemic problems prior to considering any lifestyle and dietary factors that may have contributed to the skins overall condition. Sensitive skin needs to be cleansed and maintained with a hypoallergenic and unscented range of products. Most of the synthetic chemicals contained in conventional skincare treatments are unsuitable for sensitive skin. Products formulated with natural organic ingredients are safer in this respect. It is worth the effort of ordering small samples of any organic treatments that are specified for sensitive or dry skin, and to compare their effects and results over a period of time.

Understandably, sensitive skin requires a high degree of protection against adverse weather conditions and ultra violet radiation. Wide brimmed hats and loose cotton shirts with long sleeves are sensible choices for summer. It is generally safer to choose clothing made from natural plant or animal fibres and to avoid synthetic garments, particularly those containing viscose polyester and rayon.

Combination skin

Combination skin is most common amongst adults, increasingly so after the middle period of life. It is characterised by a central band of skin which is oilier and more coarsely textured than the rest of the face. In contrast to the oily central band, the cheeks are usually normal or dry in condition.

When caring for combination skin it is important to choose products that will neither stimulate the sebaceous glands nor increase the dryness of the throat and cheek regions. Non soap cleansers and gentle moisturisers made from natural plant extracts are highly recommended for combination skin. As with other skin types, adequate protection against the damaging ultra violet components of sunlight are required.

There are two common methods for defining an individual’s skin type. Medical practitioners evaluate the distribution of pigmentation, and subsequent susceptibility to sun damage caused by ultra violet radiation. While all skin types will eventually be damaged by extended sun exposure, some individuals have more protection on account of their genetic makeup. Let’s take a look at the five skin types referred to by medical practitioners.

Type 1 skin affords the least protection against the sun’s harmful ultra violet rays. Commonly, individuals with pale skin, freckled complexions, light coloured hair and eyes exhibit this skin type. These characteristics are generally found among individuals of Northern European and Celtic origin. This pattern determines a skin that burns easily without tanning.

Type 2 mostly contains individuals with amber skin, sandy to brown hair and blue or green eyes. This skin type burns easily but is generally able to maintain a light tan that offers some minimal protection against ultra violet radiation. These characteristics are common among individuals of Nordic descent.

Type 3 includes individuals with light olive skin, brown or dark hair, and brown eyes. This skin type burns moderately but tans sufficiently to provide some protection against ultra violet radiation. These characteristics are common among individuals of Mediterranean and Central European descent.

Type 4 includes individuals with olive to brown skin, dark hair, and brown eyes. This skin type is slow to burn and has a natural hue that is reasonably protective against exposures to ultra violet radiation. These characteristics are common among individuals of Polynesian, South American, and Oriental descent.

Type 5 includes individuals with dark brown skin, dark hair and eyes. This skin is also slow to burn and darkly tanned to provide considerable protection against ultra violet radiation. These characteristics are common among individuals of North African and Middle Eastern descent. Type 5 includes individuals with dark brown to ebony skin, dark hair, and eyes. This dark skin is extremely slow to burn and offers the best natural protection against damage caused by ultra violet radiation. These characteristics are common among individuals of African, Indian, and Australian Aboriginal descent.

New medical students are frequently surprised to learn that, excluding the digestive tract, skin represents the largest organ of the human body and is responsible for such a diverse range of functions. Most individuals take their skin for granted, rarely considering its importance, unless forced to, perhaps by consequence of health or cosmetic reasons. In healthy individuals, it is responsible for securing the internal environment. It provides a barrier of protection against many external elements including heat, cold, pollution, and disease. While constantly maintaining its essential barrier function, skin also plays a vital role in the production of vitamin D and regulates the activity of several hormones. It is also important for determining physical appearances, and for providing a means to investigate the world and to facilitate communication with other beings and objects.

Understanding the function and structure of skin provides an insight into why many of today’s leading dermatologists are now recommending an organic approach to skin care.

About skin

The skin consists of two main layers: the epidermis on the outside, and the dermis underneath. The dermis is the main structure of the skin and while varying in thickness throughout the body, it performs the basic role of supplying nutrients and moisture to the epidermis at each location. The dermis contains a watery ground substance and a mixture of two important skin proteins called collagen and elastin. The word collagen is derived from the Greek word kolla, meaning glue. The type of collagen found in the dermis provides a structural adhesive for the skin and is produced by groups of cells known as fibroblasts. Fibers of the pliable protein, elastin, are distributed between layers of collagen to form a strong yet flexible matrix.

Specialist cells

Mixed throughout the dermis are the specialist cells which serve to guard against internal disruptions as well as those caused by external irritation. Mast cells produce chemical messengers like histamine that is released as part of the body’s defence reaction whenever allergens like pollen, smoke, dust, or chemical toxins are encountered. The macrophages are scavenger cells which facilitate the removal of foreign substances with the assistance of the leucocytes or white blood cells which contribute to the body’s immune response against bacterial infections.

Sebaceous and sweat glands

The dermis also contains the sebaceous and sweat glands. Sebaceous glands produce an oily substance known as sebum which serves to moisturise and protect the external layers of skin and hair. They are influenced by a hormone which causes the amount of sebum to increase during puberty, often resulting in excessively oily skin and the familiar acne caused by inflammation and blockage of the glands. With advancing age, the production of sebum slows, often leading to a drier skin.

The eccrine sweat glands play an important role in temperature regulation. When body temperature rises, they release fluid that cools the skin as it evaporates. During exercise in hot conditions, the body may release several litres of sweat every hour. At the same time blood is circulated through capillaries near the surface. The resulting heat exchange initiates a further cooling effect. If the body is exposed to extreme cold, blood vessels in the dermis will contract, diverting their normal blood supply to thermally protect the brain and vital organs.

Closely related to sweat glands are the apocrine glands which are located mainly in the armpits, groin, and chest. Along with fluids and electrolyte, they release hormone like substances known as pheromones which are likely to play some role in sexual attraction, bonding, and possibly the timing of female menstruation.

Receptors

From an anatomical perspective, a large section of the cerebral cortex is devoted to processing the sensory signals that are delivered by nerves via receptors located in the skin. There are special types of receptor called Meissner’s corpuscles. Lying at the dermal and epidermal junction, they are located in great numbers on the palms and soles of the feet. Vater-Pacini corpuscles lie deeper in the dermis and are used to detect sudden changes in pressure while the Merkel’s disks occur at the epidermis and can relay sensations of continuous pressure. In combination with nerve receptors attached to surface body hairs, these enable the range of touch sensations that are important for basic human activities such as emotional comforting, detecting danger and locating objects in space.

Outer layer

The epidermis begins with a layer of basal cells located at the dermal and epidermal junction. Initially, basal cells rest on a membrane where they grow and divide. After undergoing several divisions each basal cell transforms into a keratinocyte which undertakes a migration toward the outer surface. Requiring approximately twenty eight days to reach its destination, the keratinocyte begins to progressively synthesise filaments of a waterproof protein known as keratin. When the keratinocyte reaches the outer layer of skin, there is no further role than to provide a tough exterior coating. This outer, most visible layer of skin consists entirely of dead keratin cells that are woven together. The process continues indefinitely since the surface of skin is constantly worn away and must be replaced by the next generation of lifeless keratin.

Immune system

The immune system is also represented by cells within the epidermis. Langerhans cells provide a defence against certain types of environmental invaders. In combination with other scavenger and antigen presenting cells they limit the damage that may otherwise be caused by noxious substances, bacteria, viruses, and parasites.

Skin color

Skin pigmentation is determined by cells at the lowest level of the epidermis. Known as melanocytes, they produce melanin which influences the normal colour of each individual’s skin, eyes, and hair. The amount of melanin produced within the epidermis also affects the ability to tan darker in response to sunlight. With advancing age and cumulative exposure to sunlight there may be an increase in the size, number and darkness of blemishes that are caused by excessively active melanocytes clumped together in patches.

Physical barrier

The outermost section of the epidermis is called the stratum corneum. In direct contact with the external world, it is perhaps the most significant of all the physical barriers in the body. It is composed entirely of dead keratin cells that are arranged in interlocking columns. Its thickness varies across the body. Areas of high wear like the soles of the feet can be up to thirty times thicker than softer skin around the lips and eyes.

Despite its barrier function, there is constant exchange between the skin and the external environment. Medicinal ointments and other topical treatments will enter the body through sweat or sebaceous glands. It is understood, for example, that most steroid creams will transit via the sebaceous glands. This is determined by their need to be absorbed in a region with increased fat solubility. As well as medicines, the skin will absorb pollutant chemicals present in the atmosphere as well as many of the synthetic substances within cosmetic and personal hygiene products.

While healthy skin can inactivate or lessen the impact of some dangerous substances, this ability is compromised whenever the stratum corneum is excessively worn, dried out, or stripped of its protective coating of oily sebum. This may occur as a consequence of illness, excessive grooming, or prolonged stress.

Hair

Originating from follicles in the dermis, hair is a specialised appendage which, like the outermost layer of skin, consists of a keratin protein. When visible, it provides some thermal insulation and additional physical protection for the epidermis. Each hair follicle has a minute muscle that contracts with cold and, occasionally, physical stress. This causes the hairs to stand on end. The effect is to retard the flow of air across the surface, conserving body warmth by reducing the surface exchange of heat. In dogs and other animals the erect hairs will exaggerate physical size and may decrease the chances of them being attacked by a rival. Anthropologists often describe modern humans as the naked apes. Dermatologists and others familiar with the skins magnified appearance might question the lack of accuracy, since even visibly smooth areas of the body are covered with fine unpigmented velus hairs. Despite their diminutive scale, these hairs function as extremely sensitive touch sensors. Their input can enable detection of minute events like the disturbance of air which occurs whenever someone approaches quietly in a still room.

Extended storage and heating of many plant based foods results frequently in the destruction of natural enzymes that are integral to optimum health. Such enzymes are required to support the ongoing biochemical and physiological processes of the healthy individual. Ordinary physical activity, for example, requires these natural enzymes which enable cells to efficiently release their stored energy. Enzymes help the body absorb essential nutrients and also assume an important role in reproduction and the healing and prevention of illness and disease. Drinking a variety of freshly squeezed fruit and vegetable juices is one of the easiest ways to obtain a daily supply of natural plant enzymes.

Many of the degenerative illnesses prevalent in today’s society are clearly linked to inadequate nutrition and lifestyle factors including smoking, stress, increased exposure to pollution and other environmental toxins. While an increased intake of fresh organic juices and raw foods may not undo the cumulative effects of many years adverse exposure, and neglect, they will provide the best opportunity for renewal and restoration of an overburdened system.

Pre-squeezed juice

With the current availability of high quality and reasonably priced juicing appliances, it has never been easier to ensure an adequate daily supply of raw food enzymes, vitamins, and minerals.

There are a number of methods which can be used to extract juice from the whole fruit or vegetable. Pressing involves the fruit being crushed between two heavy plates with the lower one containing a series of holes which are then filtered to separate pulp and liquid juice. Another technique involves cutting or grating the fruit followed by a centrifugal force to separate solid particles from the liquid juice. This method is seen in many of the electrical appliances commonly used for domestic and hospitality industry purposes.

High volume juice production is usually achieved with industrial pressing machines, and in many cases the raw ingredients are initially blanched, steamed, or chemically treated to soften the fruit and facilitate the juice extraction process. As further insult to the raw product, the released juice may then be boiled, concentrated, and then treated with preservatives, food colouring, and additional sugar. Don’t be misled by products containing reconstituted juice. Most of these are sterile and entirely devoid of the nutrients and enzymes which can be obtained from freshly squeezed juices. They are often processed in such a harsh way that the only measurable vitamins will be the synthetic ones that have been added along with the preservatives and sugar.

It is of course possible to purchase high quality juice that has been carefully extracted then vacuum sealed to preserve many of the vitamins and other nutrients. These better quality juices tend to be packaged in recyclable glass bottles and will frequently exhibit fine sediment or traces of pulp in their mixture. On account of high manufacturing costs, it is economically impractical for such products to be derived from low quality ingredients. In most cases the raw materials will be organically certified to ensure a product that is natural, free of chemical residue, wholesome and nutritious. Today’s informed consumers are prepared to pay a premium for this level of reassurance.

Squeezing your own juice

Squeezing your own juice at home is perhaps the best way to ensure the quality and freshness that is necessary for providing optimum health benefits. Obviously, the quality of each juice will depend on the taste and nutrient profile of the raw produce.

Seasonal fruit and vegetables are an ideal choice because of their ready availability and absolute freshness. While it is nice to have the wide variety of exotic and off season produce available throughout the year, research has indicated that extended periods of cold storage will decrease the nutrient profile of many fruit and vegetable items.

Taste is the other important consideration when selecting produce for juicing. Most fruits and some vegetables appeal to the tastebuds on account of their sweetness, indicating high fructose content. This is particularly true for melons, berries, carrots, and bananas. In other varieties the sweetness becomes overwhelming unless it is balanced by sharper acidic qualities. Grapes, apples, plums, and cherries are examples of fruits that must be carefully selected according to taste. Excessive sweetness for these varieties will usually result in a heavy, syrupy juice that should only be consumed in small quantities.

Some growers have discovered that careful application of organic principles results in produce that is naturally balanced for taste. Along with their desire to fulfil increasing consumer demand, leading Australian winemakers are now experimenting with organic methods as a means of perfecting their product.

Freshly squeezed fruit and vegetable juices are easy to digest but for optimum nutrient absorption they should be taken separately from solid foods and other liquids, with the exception of plain water which can be added to dilute the taste when required. Most health and nutrition advocates recommend that fresh juice be consumed within half an hour of processing in order to preserve the valuable enzyme content. A glass of freshly squeezed orange juice at room temperature, for example, loses approximately half its enzyme content in one hour, and the remaining supply is dissipated within two hours of squeezing.

Well publicised juices are heavily sought after and may be difficult to obtain. In accordance with numerous media reports, blueberries and their close relatives contain a range of antioxidant and protective compounds that appear unrivalled among other species. At present, however, Japanese and European demand for these frozen berries and their organic juices have created local scarcity. Don’t be too discouraged if you cannot locate or afford to obtain the popular juices of the moment. Some of the most humble produce and traditional juicing recipes contain many well established properties and potential health benefits. Plain carrot juice is extremely nourishing and a powerful eliminator of toxins. Often mixed with beetroot, or celery juice, these combinations are excellent for promoting healthy circulation and glowing skin. Lemon juice is another excellent tonic that will cleanse the digestive tract and eliminate toxins. For best results it should be taken first thing in the morning, unsweetened with a little water.

Often without intending, many of us instinctively assess an individual’s health and vitality through subtle nuances of skin colour, brightness, and texture. Through this habit, we derive descriptions of individuals appearing “a bit off colour”, “pale” or “green about the gills”. Because the appearance of skin really does reflect the inner state of physical health, it makes a lot of sense to look at maintaining beauty from within. A healthy eating plan, accompanied by regular exercise and sensible lifestyle choices will provide the best foundation for beautiful skin.

Sustainable and realistic

The best eating plan is one that can be maintained steadily, over a long period of time. It is absolutely essential to emphasise seasonal foods which provide wonderful tastes and pleasure. For those with some interest in food and nutrition, the information age has opened new horizons of cross cultural exchange and experimentation. It has never been easier to access such a wide selection of time efficient recipes and suggestions based on simple fresh ingredients.

With the exception of medically supervised programs for clinically overweight individuals, sustained calorie restriction and other types of dieting tend to have negative impacts on overall health and the appearance of the skin. Under the prolonged stress of significant calorie restrictions, skin is likely to collapse, resulting in the appearance of additional lines and wrinkles. When calorie restrictions result in nutrient deficiency, even at the mildest level, the rate of skin renewal may decline, exacerbating the problem.

Short-term detoxification

The unfortunate scenario of prolonged dieting should not be confused with the potentially positive effects of a short term detoxification fast. With the specific aim of eliminating toxins and enabling the organs to function more efficiently, short periods of liquid fasting can increase the rate of skin renewal, resulting in a clearer, and brighter complexion. Detoxification programs should always be devised and supervised by a fully qualified naturopath or equivalent registered health professional.

Water

Those who seek beautiful skin must drink plenty of fresh water, at least three litres each day. This amount is the minimum recommendation, and must be increased during warmer weather and periods of strenuous physical activity. During an average day, the body loses half a litre of water through the pores and as vapour exhaled during respiration. This quantity can increase to the point where more than a litre is expelled during an hour of strenuous aerobic activity. Interestingly, extremely fit individuals tend to lose more fluid, as their bodies become more efficient at cooling down. A significant quantity of water is also released each day as waste, filtering through the intestine and kidneys.

Water plays an essential role, enabling the body to utilise nutrients and to eliminate toxins. In the absence of sufficient water intake, the skin will dry out, and is likely to feel tight and uncomfortable. The best strategy is to drink a large glass of water each morning then continually replenish the body with regular sips of water throughout the day. It is generally not helpful using thirst as a guide, since this suggests that dehydration may have already occurred. The finest drinking waters are sourced from pollution free locations, mountain streams, underground springs, and the like.

Essential nutrients

A full complement of essential nutrients will ensure the natural beauty of skin is maintained throughout the lifecycle. Choosing a range of items from each of the important food groups is the easiest way to provide the body with the vitamins, minerals, and other compounds required for the normal growth, repair, and preservation of healthy skin. Selecting the freshest produce increases the quality and efficacy of each available nutrient. It is best to avoid stocks that have been stored for long periods since a portion of the available nutrients are likely to have become depleted. This fastidious approach to freshness should be combined with minimal preparation.

Fruits and vegetables are more nutritious when consumed raw in salads, mueslis, juices, and sandwiches. Try to have several servings of raw fruit and vegetables each day, with a wide range of colours, whenever possible. It is now understood that the brightly coloured ones contain more antioxidant and immune boosting compounds. Vegetables such as beetroot, sweet potato, broccoli, peppers, and carrots should be included along with fruits like kiwi, melons, pawpaw, passionfruit, and oranges.

Always be wary of produce treated with pesticide and preservative. While their appearance might seem superior to natural examples, they may in fact contain alarming levels of chemical toxins. For preservation of health, organically grown produce is the safest option.

Proteins

Protein is an important ingredient for beautiful skin. It supplies the body with amino acids which are the basic building blocks that promote cell development and integrity. Animal sources of protein are widely available. Regular portions of organic poultry, fish, and lean red meat can occasionally be supplemented with organic eggs, cheeses, and milk. Most vegetarians need to carefully monitor their protein intake. The best vegetable sources of protein are complex grains, pulses, nuts, and soya products.

Healthy oils

There are several examples of healthy oils which should always be consumed regularly to protect cell membranes and support the skins natural barrier function. Part of the protective capacity of these oils is their ability to limit the effects of inflammation which is a potential cause of degenerative ageing. Healthy oils include essential fatty acids known as Omega 3, 6, and 9. These oils are also necessary to transport the fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, and K throughout the body. The best source of Omega 3 is deep sea fish such as salmon, mackerel, sardines, and tuna. Omega 3 is also available from walnuts, and cold pressed flaxseed oil. Omega 6 is found in avocadoes, nuts, and sesame seeds while Omega 9 compounds are obtained from cold pressed olive oils.

Spirulina and sea vegetables

There are two foods which provide such a rich supply of important nutrients that they deserve to be highlighted as particularly beneficial to skin health and beauty. Spirulina is a blue-green algae sold at most health food shops. Rich in amino acids and beta carotene, it also contains many of the B vitamins and trace minerals that may be depleted through illness or stress. Spirulina can be taken in capsules or as a powdered supplement mixed with water, juice, or fruit smoothies.

Sea vegetables have been consumed throughout Asia for centuries. With a capacity to provide concentrated minerals in easily assimilated form, these foods will improve the texture and appearance of skin and hair. They also include alginic acid, a substance known to absorb and remove toxins from the body. Sea vegetables are usually purchased dried, and in processed sheets such as Japanese Nori.

Junk food

There are other foods which should be avoided by those wishing to maintain beautiful, healthy skin. High on the list are the convenience foods, snacks, and breakfast cereals with their saturated fats and high sugar content. Over a period of time, too many highly refined carbohydrates can result in damaged skin. This may initially be noticeable as a general dullness, sagging, wrinkling, and thinning. The best remedy is to replace the highly processed foods with those that are wholesome and close to nature.

Since the arrival of widespread food testing in the late seventies, there has been an accumulation of evidence to support claims that many varieties of fresh produce are now deficient in essential nutrients. Mineral depletion in agricultural soils can be evaluated by primary industry research bodies such as the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries. For example, testing conducted across the NSW wheat belt in 2004 revealed significant decreases in calcium levels compared to measurements taken twenty years earlier.

As a consequence of these and similar reports, there is growing pressure upon producers to supply information about the nutrient profiles of their soils and food items. Once in place, this standard of labelling will enable the consumer to directly compare nutrient profiles of organically grown food against those raised with agricultural chemicals.

Calcium

Calcium is an essential mineral for maintaining the health of bones and teeth. It assists muscular development, and normal functioning of the nervous system. Calcium regulates blood pressure, cholesterol, and is protective against cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer. It plays a significant role in promoting normal development during pregnancy and early childhood. From a holistic perspective, calcium assumes a vital role metabolising other vitamins and minerals, particularly iron.

It is estimated that seventy percent of women in the United States become calcium deficient at some point in their life. Typically, this will occur after menopause when there is increased risk for osteoporosis and other problems related to insufficient bone density.

The best sources of calcium are leafy organic vegetables including kale, broccoli, and bok choy. Calcium is abundantly available in most varieties of seafood, raw nuts such as almonds and cashews, sesame seeds, whole grains, dairy produce, soybeans, tofu, and soymilk. Phosphate is an important regulator of calcium absorption and should be included in supplemental calcium medications.

Iron

Frequently described as the blood mineral, Iron is required during the formation of red blood cells and facilitates oxygen transportation throughout the body. Like many key minerals, it assumes a role in metabolising other nutrients, in particular the B group vitamins. Iron regulates growth, and supports the immune system. It is essential for normal development during pregnancy and early childhood. Iron deficiency affects a significant population of women but is relatively uncommon for males.

The most reliable source of iron is organic certified lean meats such as beef, lamb, venison, and goat. Vegetarian sources of iron include kelp, whole grains, organic apricots, parsley, nuts and seeds, oatmeal, leafy green vegetables, molasses, cherries, and beetroot. Individuals with suspect levels should restrict their intake of stimulant drinks like tea and coffee as these act to inhibit efficient iron absorption.

Zinc

Zinc is an anti-oxidant mineral which supports normal immune function and wound healing. Combined with other minerals, zinc helps to strengthen the bones, skin and hair. It is important for sexual development and also plays a supporting role in the liver. Zinc is required for many of the enzymes which digest food and release the active properties of other nutrients. Zinc deficiency is linked to prostate problems, low immunity, skin conditions, and chronic fatigue symptoms. It is necessary for normal foetal development during pregnancy and for physical and psychological development through childhood and adolescence.

The best sources of zinc are seafood, organic eggs, brightly coloured fruits and vegetables, kelp, sunflower and pumpkin seeds, whole grains, poultry, black eye peas, mushrooms, organic meat, soybeans, and brewers yeast. Unfortunately many soils are deficient in zinc as a consequence of natural scarcity or unsustainable farming practices. Zinc levels can usually be increased by choosing organically certified fruits and vegetables.

Sodium

Sodium is the fluid mineral, responsible for regulating internal hydration of the body. Sodium is required for the regulation of blood pressure, cardiac function, and enables skeletal muscle and nerves to function correctly. It is necessary for digestion, and for balancing the chemical composition of blood. Sodium is naturally present in unrefined organic sea salt, kelp, coconuts, carrots, and dried fruits like apricots, figs, and raisins. Genuine sodium deficiency is rarely diagnosed; however it is extremely common for sodium intake to exceed healthy limits due to the enormous quantities found in pre-packaged and convenience foods.

Potassium

Potassium is another fluid mineral, necessary for regulating blood pressure and enabling the kidneys to dispose of waste. Also described as a nerve tonic, potassium is required for normal sensory function and improves oxygen delivery to the brain. Rich sources of potassium include bananas, green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, organic whole grains, blackstrap molasses, avocadoes, legumes, and sunflower seeds. Stores of potassium are rapidly depleted by alcohol, caffeine, some prescription medications, and excessive dietary sugar. Potassium intake can also be diminished by overcooking staple grains and vegetables.

Magnesium

Magnesium is essential for broad range of physiological functions, including thermal regulation, digestion, and effective nerve and muscle function. It enables blood sugars to be metabolised and facilitates the absorption of other nutrients including vitamin C, calcium, and phosphorus. Magnesium assists the immune system and is an important mineral for development during pregnancy and early childhood. The best sources of magnesium are organically certified whole grains, nuts, beans, dark green vegetables, seafood, and fruit, particularly apples, lemons, and grapefruit.

Phosphorus

Like potassium, phosphorus is an important mineral for optimising sensory and cognitive processing within the brain. It assists cell metabolism and is required for the regulation of kidney function. In combination with calcium and fluorine, phosphorus is required for maintaining healthy teeth and bones. It can be sourced from organically certified whole grains and dairy produce, blackstrap molasses, kelp, seeds, and lentils.

Selenium

Selenium is an antioxidant mineral which protects cell membranes and supports the immune system. In combination with other antioxidant nutrients, selenium protects against premature ageing and certain types of cancer. This mineral is frequently depleted from intensively farmed soils. The best natural sources of selenium include organically certified whole grains, broccoli, onions and garlic, sesame seeds, brazil nuts, brewers yeast, and tuna.

Iodine

Iodine is necessary for maintenance of thyroid function, which controls energy metabolism and growth. As a trace element, iodine contributes to healthy hair, skin, and nails. It is essential for normal development during pregnancy and childhood. Iodine can be obtained from fresh vegetables grown in healthy soils. Other convenient sources are fresh seafood, kelp, and iodised salt.

Chloride

Chloride is an important contributor to electrolytic function and the control of cellular and extracellular fluids. It assists digestion and is required in trace quantities for maintaining healthy teeth and hair. Chloride is readily obtained from organic yoghurts, salt, kelp, and fresh vegetables.

Manganese

Manganese is an antioxidant mineral which combines with other nutrients to promote optimum immunity. It plays a role in the metabolism of fats and protein and also contributes to healthy skin, hair, and nails. The best sources of manganese include organically certified whole grains, green leafy vegetables, avocadoes, blueberries, kelp, green tea, eggs, and fresh beetroot.